Using simulation modeling to demonstrate the performance of graph theory metrics and connectivity algorithms.

Models and metrics to measure ecological connectivity are now well-developed and widely used in research and applications to mitigate the ecological impacts of climate change and anthropogenic habitat loss. Despite the prevalent application of connectivity models, however, relatively little is known about the performance of these methods in predicting functional connectivity patterns and organism movement. Our goal in this paper was to compare different connectivity models in their abilities to predict a wide range of simulated animal movement patterns. We used the Pathwalker software to evaluate the performance of several connectivity model predictions based on graph theory, resistant kernels, and factorial least-cost paths. In addition, we assessed the efficacy of synoptic and patch-based approaches to defining source points for analysis. In total, we produced 28 different simulations of animal movement. As we expected, we found that the choice of connectivity model used was the variable that most influenced prediction accuracy. Moreover, we found that the resistant kernels approach consistently provided the strongest correlations to the simulated underlying movement processes. The results also suggested that the agent-based simulation approach itself can often be the best analytical framework to map functional connectivity for ecological research and conservation applications, given its biological realism and flexibility to implement combinations of movement mechanism, dispersal threshold, directional bias, destination bias and spatial composition of source locations for analysis. In doing so, we provide novel insights to guide future functional connectivity analyses. In future research, we could use the same model for several different species groups and see how this reliability depends on the species analyzed. This could bring to light other elements that play an essential role in predicting connectivity.

Sub-Hz Closed-Loop Electro-Optomechanical Oscillator with Gallium Phosphide Photonic Crystal Integrated on SoI Circuitry.

We report on a new approach of a low phase noise electro-optomechanical oscillator directly working in the GHz frequency range. The developed nanoscale oscillator is a one-dimensional photonic crystal made of gallium phosphide (GaP), heterogeneously integrated on silicon-on-insulator circuitry. Based on the strong interaction between the optical mode at the telecommunication wavelength and the mechanical mode in GHz, ultra-pure mechanical oscillations are enabled and directly imprinted on an optical carrier. Further stabilization is achieved with a delayed optoelectronic feedback loop using integrated electro-mechanical self-injection. We achieve a short-term stability of 0.7 Hz linewidth and a long-term stability with an Allan deviation below 10-7 Hz/Hz at 10 s averaging time, which represents an important step toward fully integrated optomechanical oscillators. Integrability and the low phase noise of this oscillator address some of the most important needs of optoelectronic oscillators and pave the way toward on-chip integrated microwave oscillators for microwave applications such as RADARs.

Implementation of multispecies ecological networks at the regional scale: analysis and multi-temporal assessment.

Today, major landscape changes affect ecological connectivity exerting adverse effects on ecosystems. Connectivity is a critical element of landscape structure and supports ecosystem functionality. Landscape connectivity can be efficiently increased in landscape ecology by building ecological networks (EN) through models mimicking the interaction between animal and vegetal species and their environment. ENs are important in sustainable landscape planning, where they need to be studied both by applying landscape metrics and by performing multi-temporal analyses. This paper presents theoretical and practical evidence of an analysis of a multispecies ecological network in Calabria (Italy) and its changes over three decades. Landscape connectivity was modeled basing on 66 focal faunal species' requirements. Human disturbance (HD) was defined and assessed according to distance from different disturbance sources. This allowed for the definition of overall habitat quality (oHQ). Landscape permeability to the animal movement was focused as the main concept to measure landscape fragmentation. Landscape graph theory was applied to perform a spatial comparison of the ENs robustness. Many binary and probabilistic indices and landscape morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) were used in this perspective. We obtained a set of ecological networks, including nodes, patches (i.e., habitat patches), linkages, and corridors, all intertwined in one giant component. The multi-temporal analysis showed many indices' stationary values, while MSPA yielded an increase of habitat quality and habitat patches in core areas. This methodological approach allowed for assessing the regional EN's robustness in the time-span considered, thus providing a reliable tool for landscape planners and communities.

The effect of body mass index on chest trauma severity and prognosis.

AIM: Patients with thoracic trauma constitute one third of all the trauma cases, in west Sicily were recorded 941 thoracic trauma during the period between 2006 and 2009. Sicily is one of the Italian regions with the highest rate of obesity: some studies have demonstrated that obesity is an independent risk factor for mortality in high energy blunt traumas. MATERIAL OF STUDY: This study was conducted with trauma patients older than 20 years old who presented to our Department during the last five years. We only included thoracic injuries and politrauma with a thoracic involvement and a BMI >25. Patients were divided into two groups: HET and LET patients. RESULTS: Thoracic trauma was more common in patients with a BMI >25 than in normo-weight and clinic admission rate, length of hospital stay and ISS score increased in proportion with the increase of BMI. Both HET (high energy trauma) and LET (low energy trauma) revealed that overweight, obese and morbidly obese patients had greater admissions and length of hospital stay. DISCUSSION: The overweight and obese population has increased substantially over the last two decades and 61,5% of the Sicilian population is above normal weight. A large body mass with excess adiposity may contribute to HET injuries in several ways. Obesity has a number of comorbidities that reduce chances of recovery in overweight and obese patients experienced thoracic trauma both HET and LET. CONCLUSION: Obesity increases morbidity independently of injury severity in thoracic trauma patients. As BMI increased, length of hospital stay increased and prognosis deteriorates. KEY WORDS: BMI, Obesity, Thoracic trauma.

COLLABORADI: a rule-based diagnostic imaging prescription system to help the general practitioner to choose the most appropriate radiological imaging procedures.

Significant advances in medical imaging have been made in the past decades, enabling physicians to reach high precision in diagnosing patients' diseases by means of sophisticated imaging tools. However, the use of sophisticated tools is limited by the high costs and, in some cases, by the utilization of ionizing radiation, which have both great impact on the economy of a nation and on citizens' health, respectively. Guidelines have been published among countries to provide physicians with structured rules to be followed to suggest the correct imaging technique, suiting better the diagnostic question and avoiding inappropriate imaging requests. The COLLABORADI is a research project that addressed the phenomenon of inappropriate imaging prescriptions in Sicily (Italy) and proposed the design and implementation of a clinical decision support system to help physicians to set up the most appropriate diagnostic route for their patients. The aim of this paper is to describe the characteristics of the COLLABORADI software and its potential impact in diminishing inappropriate imaging.

Retrospective analysis of management of ingested foreign bodies and food impactions in emergency endoscopic setting in adults.

BACKGROUND: Ingestion of foreign bodies and food impaction represent the second most common endoscopic emergency after bleeding. The aim of this paper is to report the management and the outcomes in 67 patients admitted for suspected ingestion of foreign body between December 2012 and December 2014. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted at Palermo University Hospitals, Italy, over a 2-year period. We reviewed patients' database (age, sex, type of foreign body and its anatomical location, treatments, and outcomes as complications, success rates, and mortalities). RESULTS: Foreign bodies were found in all of our 67 patients. Almost all were found in the stomach and lower esophagus (77 %). The types of foreign body were very different, but they were chiefly meat boluses, fishbones or cartilages, button battery and dental prostheses. In all patients it was possible to endoscopically remove the foreign body. Complications related to the endoscopic procedure were unfrequent (about 7 %) and have been treated conservatively. 5.9 % of patients had previous esophageal or laryngeal surgery, and 8.9 % had an underlying esophageal disease, such as a narrowing, dismotility or achalasia. CONCLUSION: Our experience with foreign bodies and food impaction emphasizes the importance of endoscopic approach and removal, simple and secure when performed by experienced hands and under conscious sedation in most cases. High success rates, lower incidence of minor complications, reduction of the need of surgery and reduced hospitalization time are the strengths of the endoscopic approach.

Surgical treatment of solitary sternal metastasis from breast cancer Case report.

BACKGROUND: Bone metastasis is a frequent and early complication of breast cancer. This case report describes a technique for a partial exeresis of the sternum and the reconstruction of the pleura with autologous dermis from the lower abdomen and the loss of substance with a myocutaneous flap. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We describe the case of a 50-year old woman with a sternal excavated lesion with pathologic fracture due to an invasive adenocarcinoma, treated with a partial exeresis of the sternum and the reconstruction with a myocutaneous flap. RESULTS: The patient doesn't show evidence of recurrent disease and the stability of her chest well preserved. CONCLUSION: Metastatic breast cancer to the sternum, if detected early and treated aggressively, holds the possibility of such a cure. KEY WORDS: Breast cancer, Sternal metastasis, Sternectomy.

Stump appendicitis. A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Today, the diagnosis of SA is usually not considered as the etiology for right lower quadrant pain in patient with history of appendectomy, resulting in delaying making the correct diagnosis and treatment. Obviously, other more common causes should be excluded first. DISCUSSION: Stump appendicitis (SA) was first described by Rose in 1945. The commonest presenting symptom are abdominal pain (right lower quadrant pain 59%, non specific abdominal pain 16%, and central abdominal pain radiating to the right lower quadrant 14%). PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 54-year-old appendectomized woman presented with recent history of abdominal pain with periumbilical pain radiating to the right side and in the right iliac fossa, in the absence of fever, vomiting or other symptoms. Elective colonoscopy revealed appendicular orifice clogged by big fecalith, with hyperemic surrounding mucosa and CT confirmed "stump appendicitis". After 30 days of therapy with metronidazole 500mg/day and mesalazine 1000mg×2/day, the patient was submitted to surgery and appendectomy was performed, with a specimen of 24mm stump appendicitis. CONCLUSION: SA may well be considered as one of the differential diagnoses of acute right lower abdominal pain even in patients with history of appendicectomy.

Role of prophylactic central neck dissection in cN0-papillary thyroid carcinoma: results from a high-prevalence area.

BACKGROUND: Prophylactic, compartment-oriented central neck dissection (CND) for cN0 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is not widely practiced. We examined our results with this surgical approach. METHODS: A cohort of 158 patients operated on for the classical variant of PTC at a follow-up of 1-22 years (mean: 6.6) were enrolled. The patients with a preoperative diagnosis of cN0 PTC (group A, 59 patients) underwent total thyroidectomy (TT) + CND. In the patients with incidental postoperative diagnosis of malignancy (group B, 99 patients) a TT alone was performed. RESULTS: Ninety-six T1, 36 T2, 26 T3/T4 PTC patients were enrolled. The overall biochemical/scintigraphic recurrence rate (15 patients, 9.49%), was significantly higher in group B. Disease-free survival and need for postoperative radioiodine ablative treatment were more favorable in group A (P<0.05; P<0.001, respectively). The median radioiodine ablative treatment in the T2 cluster alone was lower in group A (P<0.001). The morbidity rate was similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: Considering the acceptable morbidity, prophylactic CND seems to be advantageous in terms of recurrence rate and need for radioiodine treatment in this variant of PTC, at least in T2 or more advanced stages. The indolent behavior of PTC does not allow for reliable prognostic evaluations.

Heat shock protein 60 levels in tissue and circulating exosomes in human large bowel cancer before and after ablative surgery.

BACKGROUND: Heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) is a chaperonin involved in tumorigenesis, but its participation in tumor development and progression is not well understood and its value as a tumor biomarker has not been fully elucidated. In the current study, the authors presented evidence supporting the theory that Hsp60 has potential as a biomarker as well as a therapeutic target in patients with large bowel cancer. METHODS: The authors studied a population of 97 subjects, including patients and controls. Immunomorphology, Western blot analysis, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed on tissue specimens. Exosomes were isolated from blood and characterized by electron microscopy, biochemical tests, and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Hsp60 was found to be increased in cancerous tissue, in which it was localized in the tumor cell plasma membrane, and in the interstitium associated with cells of the immune system, in which it was associated with exosomes liberated by tumor cells and, as such, circulated in the blood. An interesting finding was that these parameters returned to normal shortly after tumor removal. CONCLUSIONS: The data from the current study suggested that Hsp60 is a good candidate for theranostics applied to patients with large bowel carcinoma and encourage similar research among patients with other tumors in which Hsp60 has been implicated.

A case of splenic rupture: a rare event after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is generally safe and well-accepted. In rare cases, it is associated with complications (intra- e postoperative bleeding, visceral injury and surgical site infection). Splenic lesion has been reported only after direct trauma. We report an unusual case of splenic rupture presenting after "uncomplicated" LC. CASE PRESENTATION: A 77-year-old woman presented with distended abdomen, tenderness in the left upper quadrant and severe anemia 12 hours after LC. Clinical examination revealed hypovolemic shock. Abdominal computed tomography confirmed the diagnosis of splenic rupture, and the patient required an urgent splenectomy through midline incision. The post-operative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged on 7th postoperative day.Splenic injury rarely complicates LC. We postulate that congenital or post-traumatic adhesions of the parietal peritoneum to the spleen may have been stretched from the splenic capsule during pneumoperitoneum establishment, resulting in subcapsular hematoma and subsequent delayed rupture. CONCLUSIONS: Splenic rupture is an unusual but life-threatening complication of LC. Direct visualization of the spleen at the end of LC might be a useful procedure to aid early recognition and management in such cases.

Intradiverticular ampulla of vater: personal experience at ERCP.

Introduction. Conflicting results have been reported about the true impact of intradiverticula ampulla (IA) on the technical success and complication rate of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Patients. A total of 500 patients who underwent ERCP were divided into two groups according to the presence (group A, 81 patients) or absence (group B, 419 patients) of IA. Success rate, difficulty at cannulation, findings at ERCP, and procedure-related complications were retrospectively reviewed. Results. Successful cannulation was achieved in 100% of group A patients compared to 98% of group B patients (P = ns). There was a significant difference in the type of cannulation that was routinary in group B (P < 0.05), while requiring guidewire in group A (P < 0.05). Cholangitis (P < 0.05), microstones (P < 0.01), dilated common bile duct without stones (P < 0.01), stone recurrence (P < 0.01), and transient postprocedure hyperamylasemia (P < 0.01) were more frequently observed in group A. There was no significant difference in complication rate between both groups. Conclusions. The finding of an IA at ERCP should not be considered a predictor for failed cannulation. IA is associated with post-ERCP transient hyperamylasemia and is a risk factor for biliary stone disease and its recurrence.

Environmental effectiveness of swine sewage management: a multicriteria AHP-based model for a reliable quick assessment.

Environmental issues related to swine production are still a major concern for the general public and represent a key challenge for the swine industry. The environmental impact of higher livestock concentration is particularly significant where it coincides with weaker policy standards and poor manure management. Effective tools for environmental monitoring of the swine sewage management process become essential for verifying the environmental compatibility of farming facilities and for defining suitable policies aimed at increasing swine production sustainability. This research aims at the development and application of a model for a quick assessment of the environmental effectiveness of the pig farming sewage management process. In order to define the model, multicriteria techniques, and in particular, Saaty's analytic hierarchy process, were used to develop an iterative process in which the various key factors influencing the process under investigation were analyzed. The model, named EASE (Environmental Assessment of Sewages management Effectiveness), was optimized and applied to the Lake Trasimeno basin (Umbria, Italy), an area of high natural, environmental and aesthetic value. In this context, inadequate disposal of pig sewage represents a potential source of very considerable pollution. The results have demonstrated how the multicriteria model can represent a very effective and adaptable tool also in those decision-making processes aimed at the sustainable management of livestock production.

Postoperative laryngeal symptoms in a general surgery setting. Clinical study.

INTRODUCTION: Vocal cord injuries (VI), postoperative hoarseness (PH), dysphonia (DN), dysphagia (DG) and sore throat (ST) are common complications after general anesthesia; there is actually a lack of consensus to support the proper timing for post-operative laryngoscopy that is reliable to support the diagnosis of laryngeal or vocal fold lesions after surgery and there are no valid studies about the entity of laryngeal trauma in oro-tracheal intubation. Aim of our study is to evaluate the statistical relation between anatomic, anesthesiological and surgical variables in the case of PH, DG or impaired voice register. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 50 patients (30 thyroidectomies, 8 videolaparoscopic cholecistectomies, 2 right emicolectomies, 2 left emicolectomies, 1 gastrectomy, 1 hemorrhoidectomy, 1 nefrectomy, 1 diagnostic videothoracoscopy, 1 superior right lung lobectomy, 1 appendicectomy, 1 incisional hernia repair, 1 low anterior rectal resection, 1 radical hysterectomy) underwent clinical evaluation and direct laryngoscopy before surgery, within 6 hours, after 72 hours and after 30 days, to evaluate motility and breathing space, phonatory motility, true and false vocal folds and arytenoids oedema. We evaluated also mean age (56.6 ± 3.6 years), male:female ratio (1:1.5), cigarette smoke (20%), atopic comorbidity (17/50 = 34%), Mallampati class (32% 1, 38% 2, 26% 3, 2% 4), mean duration of intubation (159 minutes, range 50 - 405 minutes), Cormack-Lehane score (34% 1, 22% 2, 22% 3, 2% 4), difficult intubation in 9 cases (18%). No complication during the laryngoscopy were registered. We investigated the statistic relationship between pre and intraoperative variables and laryngeal symptoms and lesions. RESULTS: In our experience, statistically significant relations were found in prevalence of vocal folds oedema in smokers (p < 0.005), self limiting DG and DN in younger patients (p < 0.005) and in thyroidectomy (p < 0.01), DG after thyroidectomy (p < 0.01). The short preoperative use of steroids and antihistaminic to prevent allergic reactions appears not related to reduction or prevention of DN, DG, PH and ST. No statistical relation in incidence of postoperative complications was found for the prolonged intubation, gastro-esophageal reflux, BURP manoeuvre (backward upward right sided pressure) and Mallampati and Cormack-Lehane class more than 2, maintenance with sevoflurane 2% and use of stilet. CONCLUSIONS: Direct laryngoscopy is essential for the detection of arytenoid lesions after orotracheal intubation for general anesthesia. In our opinion, a part of temporary post-operative DN or PH is due to monolateral or bilateral arytenoids oedema, secondary to prolonged or difficult orotracheal intubation, valuable with laryngoscopy 72 hours after surgery. Is necessary to adjunct these complications in the surgical informed consensus scheme.

Asymptomatic bone cement pulmonary embolism after vertebroplasty: case report and literature review.

Introduction. Acrylic cement pulmonary embolism is a potentially serious complication following vertebroplasty. Case Report. A 70-year-old male patient was treated with percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic nontraumatic vertebral collapse of L5-S1. Asymptomatic pulmonary cement embolism was detected on routine postoperative chest radiogram and the patient was treated with enoxaparin, amoxicillin, and dexamethasone. At the followup CT scan no further migration of any cement material was reported; and the course was uneventful. Discussion. The frequency of local leakage of bone cement is relatively high (about 80-90%), moreover, the rate of cement leakage into the perivertebral veins (seen in up to 24% of vertebral bodies treated) with consequent pulmonary cement embolism varies from 4.6 to 6.8% (up to 26% in radiologic studies); the risk of embolism is increased with the liquid consistency of the cement and with the treatment of some malignant lesions. Patients may remain asymptomatic and develop no known long-term sequelae. Conclusions. Our ancedotal case illustrates the need for close monitoring of patients undergoing percutaneous vertebroplasty and emphasizes the importance of prompt and correct diagnosis and treatment, even if actually there is no agreement regarding the therapeutic strategy.

Carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE): a case report.

INTRODUTION: Carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE) is a rare malignant thyroid cancer. We report a case of CASTLE treated with surgery and adjuvant external neck radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We experienced a case of CASTLE in a 63-year-old man, who presented with a neck mass due to enlarged and hard thyroid gland, most notably in the right lobe, without palpable cervical nodes. RESULTS: Total thyroidectomy was performed for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Histologic examination of the specimen showed a "thymus like" thyroid cancer; the tumor, partially circumscribed, lobulated, involved both lobes, and in more points reached the capsule of the organ and infiltrated perithyroid muscle tissue. After immunohistochemical assay (CK19 +, CK20 -, thyroglobulin -, calcitonin -, CD5 +, CD117 +), a diagnosis of CASTLE was made. DISCUSSION: CASTLE is a rare, malignant tumour of the thyroid gland, with histopathological features similar to squamous cell carcinoma, but with a more favourable prognosis. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult. CASTLE is usually cured surgically with total thyroidectomy and selective neck dissection, followed by radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery and radiotherapy are effective to manage thyroid CASTLE tumors.

Ultrasonography-guided central venous catheterisation in haematological patients with severe thrombocytopenia.

BACKGROUND: Cannulation of the internal jugular vein (CVC) is a blind surface landmark-guided technique that could be potentially dangerous in patients with very low platelet counts. In such patients, ultrasonography (US)-guided CVC may be a valid approach. There is a lack of published data on the efficacy and safety of urgent US-guided CVC performed in haematological patients with severe thrombocytopenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied the safety of urgent CVC procedures in haematological patients including those with severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count <30×10(9)/L). From January 1999 to June 2009, 431 CVC insertional procedures in 431 consecutive patients were evaluated. Patients were included in the study if they had a haematological disorder and required urgent CVC insertion. Patients were placed in Trendelenburg's position, an 18-gauge needle and guide-wire were advanced under real-time US guidance into the last part of the internal jugular vein; central venous cannulation of the internal jugular vein was performed using the Seldinger technique in all the procedures. Major and minor procedure-related complications were recorded. RESULTS: All 431 patients studied had haematological disorders: 39 had severe thrombocytopenia, refractory to platelet transfusion (group 1), while 392 did not have severe thrombocytopenia (group 2). The general characteristics of the patients in the two groups differed only for platelet count. The average time taken to perform the procedure was 4 minutes. Success rates were 97.4% and 97.9% in group 1 and group 2, respectively. No major complications occurred in either group. DISCUSSION: US-guided CVC is a safe and effective approach in haematological patients with severe thrombocytopenia requiring urgent cannulation for life support, plasma-exchange, chemotherapy and transfusion.

Hsp10: anatomic distribution, functions, and involvement in human disease.

There is growing evidence that molecular chaperones/heat shock proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, known as chaperonopathies. A better molecular understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms is essential for addressing new strategies in diagnostics, therapeutics and clinical management of chaperonopathies, including those in which Hsp10 is involved. This chaperonin has been studied for a long time as a member of the mitochondrial protein-folding machine. However, although in normal cells Hsp10 is mainly localized in the mitochondrial matrix, it has also been found during and after stress in other subcellular compartments, such as cytosol, vesicles and secretory granules, alone or in combination with other proteins. In these extramitochondrial locales, Hsp10 plays an active role in cell signalling. For example, cancer cells often show altered levels of Hsp10, compared to normal cells. Hsp10 may also be found in the extracellular space and in the bloodstream, with a possible immunomodulatory activity. This minireview focuses on some studies to date on the involvement of Hsp10 in human disease pathogenesis.