How does the choice of DEMs affect catchment hydrological modeling?

The digital elevation models (DEMs) are the primary and most important spatial inputs for a wide range of hydrological applications. However, their availability from multiple sources and at various spatial resolutions poses a challenge in watershed modeling as they influence hydrological feature delineation and model simulations. In this study, we evaluated the effect of DEM choice on stream and catchment delineation and streamflow simulation using the SWAT model in four distinct geographic regions with diverse terrain surfaces. Performance evaluation metrics, including Willmott's index of agreement, and nRMSE combined with visual comparisons were employed to assess each DEM's performance. Our results revealed that the choice of DEM has a significant impact on the accuracy of stream and catchment delineation, while its influence on streamflow simulation within the same catchment was relatively minor. Among the evaluated DEMs, AW3D30 and COP30 performed the best, closely followed by MERIT, whereas TanDEM-X and HydroSHEDS exhibited poorer performance. All DEMs displayed better accuracy in mountainous and larger catchments compared to smaller and flatter catchments. Forest cover also played a role in accuracy, mainly due to its association with steep slopes. Our findings provide valuable insights for making informed data selection decisions in watershed modeling, considering the specific characteristics of the catchment and the desired level of accuracy.

Watershed degradation and management practices in north-western highland Ethiopia.

Watershed degradation in Ethiopia has become a major environmental threat and caused significant damages both in the natural environment and the development of human society. This paper assesses an overview of the extent, causes, and effects of watershed degradation and the management actions in north-western highland Ethiopia, taking the Rib watershed as a case study site. The data were collected from field observations, interviews, and questionnaire surveys administered to 210 farmers. The results show that watershed degradation is a serious and widespread problem in the study site. The major causes of watershed degradation include population growth, uncontrolled grazing, unsustainable land use and management practices, and weak land ownership system. Watershed degradation, mainly in the form of soil erosion, has adversely reduced agricultural production and worsened food insecurity and poverty in the study area. Various watershed management practices that combine structural and biological measures have been practiced to curb the problem. However, the farmers' decisions to adopt and implement the measures have been highly influenced by a range of socioeconomic, biophysical, and institutional factors. Access to support services, size of the farmland, educational level, and plot ownership were found to influence farmers' decisions positively at a statistically significant (P < 0.01) level. It needs efforts to create farmer environmental awareness and develop strong watershed management standards and guidelines. The watershed could benefit from hand in hand efforts of local farmers, concerned governmental agencies, and researchers.