Ethnic Differences in the Prevalence of Hypertension in Colombia: Association With Education Level.

BACKGROUND: A higher prevalence of hypertension is reported among Afro-descendants compared with other ethnic groups in high-income countries; however, there is a paucity of information in low- and medium-income countries. METHODS: We evaluated 3,745 adults from 3 ethnic groups (552 White, 2,746 Mestizos, 447 Afro-descendants) enrolled in the prospective population-based cohort study (PURE)-Colombia. We assessed associations between anthropometric, socioeconomic, behavioral factors, and hypertension. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of hypertension was 39.2% and was higher in Afro-descendants (46.3%) than in Mestizos (37.6%) and Whites (41.5%), differences that were due to the higher prevalence in Afro-descendant women. Hypertension was associated with older age, increased body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio, independent of ethnicity. Low education was associated with hypertension in all ethnic groups, and particularly in Afro-descendants, for whom it was the factor with the strongest association with prevalence. Notably, 70% of Afro-descendants had a low level of education, compared with 52% of Whites-26% of Whites were university graduates while only 7% of Afro-descendants were. We did not find that education level alone had a mediator effect, suggesting that it is not a causal risk factor for hypertension but is an indicator of socioeconomic status, itself an important determinant of hypertension prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: We found that a higher prevalence of hypertension in Colombian Afro-descendants than other ethnic groups. This was principally associated with their lower mean educational level, an indicator of lower socioeconomic status.

May Measurement Month 2019: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Colombia.

Hypertension awareness and control is poor in low- and middle-income countries. Thus, implementing strategies to increase hypertension detection is needed. Colombia participated as one of the 92 countries involved in the third campaign of the May Measurement Month in 2019. Blood pressure (BP) was measured in 48 324 volunteers from 13 departments in Colombia. In total, 27.9% individuals were identified with hypertension. Of those with hypertension, 63.7% were aware of their condition, 60.0% were on antihypertensive medication, and 38.4% had controlled BP. These results showed low levels of awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in this sample of subjects volunteered to participate, suggest the urgent necessity of implementing programmes to improve the diagnosis and management of hypertension in Colombia.

Epidemiology of Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus in Latin America.

Hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus are two important risk factors that contribute to cardiovascular diseases worldwide. In Latin America, hypertension prevalence varies from 30 to 50%. Moreover, the proportion of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension is very low. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus varies from 8 to 13% and around 40% of patients are unaware of their condition. In addition, the prevalence of prediabetes varies from 6 to 14% and this condition has also been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The principal factors linked to a higher risk of hypertension in Latin America are increased adiposity, low muscle strength, unhealthy diet, low physical activity and low education. Besides being chronic conditions, leading causes of cardiovascular mortality, both hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, represent a substantial cost for the weak health systems of Latin American countries. Therefore, it is necessary to implement and reinforce public health programs to improve awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, in order to reach the mandate of the United Nations to decrease the premature mortality for CVD.

Liposarcoma paratesticular gigante / Giant Paratesticular Liposarcom

Introducción Los liposarcomas son lesiones que se originan en el tejido mesodérmico, su localización paratesticular es muy rara. Se divide en 4 subtipos histológicos, siendo el mixoide el más infrecuente. Tiene una recurrencia del 70%, Por lo que su tratamiento inicial debe ser agresivo. Objetivo resaltar su gran tamaño y que sea considerado como diagnóstico diferencial de masa inguinoescrotal. Presentación del caso Paciente masculino de 87 años con masa dolorosa inguinoescrotal derecha con diagnóstico de hernia inguinal unilateral, se realiza orquiectomía inguinal derecha. En patología se recibe pieza quirúrgica de 2440 g; al estudio histológico se observa lesión tumoral mesenquimal maligna, rodeado por estroma nodular mixoide prominente. Se diagnostica liposarcoma mixoide de cordón espermático. (Figura 2). Conclusiones Son neoplasias raras mal diagnosticadas como hernia inguinal, escrotal o lipoma de la médula espermática. Tiene un alto riesgo de metástasis, siendo la orquiectomía inguinal con resección del cordón espermático el manejo quirúrgico ideal.

Introduction Liposarcomas are lesions originated in the mesodermal tissue, paratesticular location is very rare. It is divided into 4 histological subtypes, being the most uncommon the myxoid. It has a recurrence of 70%, so the treatment should be aggressive. Objective to emphasize the large size and the differential diagnosis of inguinoescrotal mass. Case Presentation 87-year-old male patient with right inguinoescrotal pain with diagnosis of unilateral inguinal hernia, right inguinal orchiectomy is performed. A surgical specimen of 2440 g is received in pathology. Histological study shows malignant mesenchymal tumor lesion, surrounded by prominent myxoid nodular stroma. Myxoid liposarcoma of the spermatic cord is diagnosed. (Fig. 2). Conclusions they are rare neoplasms and are poorly diagnosed as inguinal hernia, scrotal or lipoma of the spermal cord. It has a high risk of metastasis, the ideal surgical management is an inguinal orchiectomy with resection of the spermatic cord.

Hemangioma hepático congénito gigante: síndrome de Kasabach-Merritt / Giant Congenital Liver Hemangioma: Kasabach Merritt Syndrome

Resumen Los hemangiomas son las proliferaciones más frecuentes en la edad pediátrica, y el hemangioma hepático es de los más comunes entre los viscerales. El diagnóstico precoz es importante para orientar el tratamiento. Se presenta el caso de un neonato con compromiso ventilatorio secundario al efecto de una masa gigante, que ecográficamente correspondió a un hemangioma hepático. Se realizó resección quirúrgica y, ulteriormente, fue enviada a patología, que confirmó el diagnóstico.

Abstract Hemangiomas are the most frequent proliferations in children, and liver hemangiomas are the most common among those in the viscera. Early diagnosis to focus treatment is important. We present the case of a neonate with compromised breathing secondary to the effect of a giant mass that echographically appeared to be a hepatic hemangioma. Surgical resection and subsequent pathology confirmed the diagnosis.

Reacción decidual endometrial: un efecto inesperado del dispositivo intrauterino liberador de Levonorgestrel. Reporte de caso / Decidual endometrial reaction: an unexpected effect of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device. Case report

RESUMEN La reacción decidual que se genera en el endometrio involucra el estroma y las glándulas, esta ocurre por sobre estimulación de la progesterona en el tejido. Es inducida por el dispositivo liberador de levonogestrel, el cual es utilizado para el tratamiento de la hemorragia uterina anormal en mujeres postmenopáusicas. Sin embargo, dada su amplia gama terapéutica, sus efectos secundarios no siempre son predecibles y no existe mucha evidencia en la literatura que correlacione la susceptibilidad de la paciente con la aparición de este cuadro morfológico. Se presenta un reporte de caso de mujer posmenopáusica que recibió este tratamiento por 17 meses y presento una reacción decidual exagerada con el objetivo de dar a conocer la presentación histopatológica de la reacción decidual poco documentada y aumentar los conocimientos relacionados con el dispositivo intrauterino.

ABSTRACT The decidual reaction that is generated in the endometrium involves the stroma and the glands, this occurs due to over stimulation of progesterone in the tissue. It is induced by the levonogestrel-releasing device, which is used for the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding in postmenopausal women. However, given its wide therapeutic range, its side effects are not always predictable and there is not much evidence in the literature that correlates the patient's susceptibility to the appearance of this morphological case. We present a case report of a postmenopausal woman who received this treatment for 17 months and presented an exaggerated decidual reaction in order to publicize the histopathological presentation wich is poorly documented and increase knowledge related to the intrauterine device.