New inorganic inhibitors derived from cefotaxime to enhance corrosion resistance of mild steel in 3% NaCl.

To overcome the threat of corrosion and its cost, a new Schiff base was prepared and utilized to synthesize inorganic inhibitors to enhance corrosion resistance and reduce current density. The Schiff base was obtained from the interaction of cefotaxime with acetylacetone, while 1H NMR and IR spectra were used to confirm the preparation. Moreover, FeIII, CoII, NiII and CuII metal salts were reacted with the Schiff base to give the corresponding complexes. Meanwhile, the non-ionic behavior of the observed complexes in solutions was proved from the conductance results. In addition, the octahedral geometry and the postulated structure of complexes were determined from CHNM%, IR spectroscopy, UV-visible spectra, and TGA analysis. Also, the energy of molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) and other quantum mechanics parameters were calculated using the DFT method. The observed results indicated the reactivity of metal complexes and their ability to donate electrons more than the Schiff base. Furthermore, the corrosion rate of a steel sample under various concentrations of inhibitors was calculated by a potentiodynamic polarization test. The obtained data displayed that metal complexes declined the corrosion rate more than the Schiff base; therefore, the binding between the metal ion and the Schiff base improved the inhibition efficiency.

Production and optimization of l-asparaginase by Streptomyces koyangensis SK4 isolated from Arctic sediment.

Actinomycetes isolated from the Arctic sediment were evaluated for the production of the enzyme l-asparaginase, an enzyme used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The most potent strain Streptomyces koyangensis SK4 was selected for l-asparaginase enzyme production by submerged fermentation. The effect of various fermentation parameters on enzyme production was analyzed statistically using the Plackett-Burman design and response surface method. Effects of eight parameters including temperature, pH, incubation time, inoculum size, agitation speed, the concentration of starch, l-asparagine, and yeast extract were studied on l-asparaginase production by the Arctic isolate S. koyangensis SK4. Factors such as temperature, pH, incubation time, agitation speed, and l-asparagine concentration were found to be important factors influencing  l-asparaginase production. Maximum enzyme activity of 136 IU/ml was obtained at 20°C on the seventh day of incubation in the asparagine dextrose broth maintained at pH 7.5, agitation speed 125 rpm, and l-asparagine concentration of 7.5 g/L. The statistical optimization method described in this study proved effective for increasing the l-asparaginase production by Arctic actinomycetes.

An Eluate of the Medicinal Plant Garcinia kola Displays Strong Antidiabetic and Neuroprotective Properties in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice.

Materials and Methods: G. kola methanolic extract was fractionated using increasingly polar solvents. Fractions were administered to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice until marked motor signs developed in diabetic controls. Fine motor skills indicators were measured in the horizontal grid test (HGT) to confirm the prevention of motor disorders in treated animals. Column chromatography was used to separate the most active fraction, and subfractions were tested in turn in the HGT. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique was used to assess the components of the most active subfraction. Results: Treatment with ethyl acetate fraction and its fifth eluate (F5) preserved fine motor skills and improved the body weight and blood glucose level. At dose 1.71 mg/kg, F5 kept most parameters comparable to the nondiabetic vehicle group values. GC-MS chromatographic analysis of F5 revealed 36 compounds, the most abundantly expressed (41.8%) being the ß-lactam molecules N-ethyl-2-carbethoxyazetidine (17.8%), N,N-dimethylethanolamine (15%), and isoniacinamide (9%). Conclusions: Our results suggest that subfraction F5 of G. kola extract prevented the development of motor signs and improved disease profile in an STZ-induced mouse model of diabetic encephalopathy. Antidiabetic activity of ß-lactam molecules accounted at least partly for these effects.

The moral imperative of money: what investments in science say about a nation's priorities and ethical compass.

The era dominated by the liberal world order, dating back to the end of World War II in 1945 and gaining unchallenged dominance with the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, is now coming to an end. Yet the universal principles that the era personified in its rhetoric, and in the best of its actions, lives on. The global community has a moral obligation to continue on its journey to build a more equitable, secure and prosperous world for all of its citizens and must devise investment strategies that enable progress to both endure and accelerate. "The Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge," issued at the conclusion of the inaugural World Conference on Science in 1999, contained a broad range of insights and recommendations that remain as significant today as they did 20 years ago. We would be wise to heed the challenges that the declaration conveyed by recognizing that the journey for equity in science, technology and innovation (STI) is by no means over and, in fact, remains as relevant now as it did then-both as an economic and social necessity and as a moral obligation. This paper seeks to explore how patterns of investment in STI have changed over the past 2 decades-and how they have not.

Phytochemicals, Trace Element Contents, and Antioxidant Activities of Bark of Taleh (Acacia seyal) and Desert Rose (Adenium obesum).

Acacia seyal and Adenium obesum are used in traditional medicines by indigenous communities of the Asir region of Saudi Arabia. The present study aimed to acquire the phytochemical profiles, quantify the trace element contents and the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents, and evaluate the antioxidant activity of the two species. Phytochemical screening was conducted to detect the presence of the phytochemical constituents. Bark samples were digested with a microwave, and ICP-MS was used for the elemental analysis. The antioxidant capacities in DPPH, H2O2, and FRAP assays and the TPC and TFC were determined by spectrophotometry, and their correlation with the IC50 of the DPPH and H2O2 and the EC50 of the FRAP capacities were analyzed by Pearson's correlation. Both plant extracts contain a variety of phytochemicals. A. obesum had the highest concentrations of all 11 elements measured. In both plants, manganese was found at the highest concentration, and cadmium exhibited the lowest concentration. The aqueous-methanolic extract of A. seyal showed the highest TPC (309.32 ± 2.15 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), whereas the aqueous-methanolic extract of A. obesum exhibited the highest TFC (32.16 ± 3.16 mg quercetin equivalent/g). Significant differences in the IC50 and EC50 values were observed among the tested plant extracts. The highest antioxidant activity was found in aqueous-methanolic extract of A. obesum. Correlation analysis showed significant correlations between the DPPH and FRAP activities and the TFC. The present findings highlight that these plants are good sources of phenolic compounds and essential elements and support their therapeutic use as antioxidant drugs.

Combined Supplementation of Nano-Zinc Oxide and Thyme Oil Improves the Nutrient Digestibility and Reproductive Fertility in the Male Californian Rabbits.

The present study aimed to determine the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), thyme oil (THO), or their combination on the nutrient digestibility coefficients, reproductive parameters, and some blood metabolites of male Californian rabbits. One hundred rabbits, 29-weeks of age (initial body weight 3.48 ± 0.08 kg) were randomly distributed into four groups, 25 rabbits each. Treatment groups were fed a control diet, a control diet supplemented with ZnO-NPs (100 mg/kg), THO (500 mg/kg), or combination of ZnO-NPs (100 mg/kg) and THO (500 mg/kg). The feeding trial lasted for 35 days. Results showed improvements in dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, and crude fiber in ZnO-NPs, THO, and their combination treated groups compared to those of control. Furthermore, semen volume, sperm motility, vitality, and morphology were significantly improved (p < 0.01) in ZnO-NPs and THO groups rather than the control. Both ZnO-NPs and THO, as either individual or combined treatments significantly improved the serum alanine amino-transferase (ALT), aspartate amino-transferase (AST), urea, and creatinine compared to the control. Moreover, serum concentrations of testosterone were significantly increased in rabbits supplemented with ZnO-NPs, THO, or their combination compared to those of control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, ZnO-NPs, THO, or their combination improved the digestibility of nutrients, liver/ kidney functions, semen characteristics, and testosterone concentration in male rabbits.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Different Extracts from Different Parts of Zilla spinosa (L.) Prantl.

Zilla spinosa is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders and diabetes. In this study, aqueous ethanol (AE) and aqueous methanol (AM) extracts from aerial parts and roots of Z. spinosa were investigated. The total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents and antioxidant capacities in terms of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were determined, and the correlations among the results were assessed using Pearson's correlation. The antimicrobial activity was assessed through agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Phytochemical screening showed that Z. spinosa extracts had alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, triterpenoids, phenols, and flavonoids in different abundances. The aerial part-AE extract contained low TPC (30.17 ± 4.24 mg GAE/g) and TFC (7.40 ± 1.02 mg QE/g) and displayed significant antioxidant capacity in the DPPH (IC50 = 52.17 ± 7.30 µg/mL), H2O2 (91.22 ± 2.60 µg/mL), and FRAP (EC50 = 98.70 ± 2.21 µg/mL) assays. By contrast, the root-AM extract contained high amounts of TPC (87.72 ± 7.75 mg GAE/g) and TFC (25.60 ± 1.57 mg QE/g). It showed significantly high antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 12.33 ± 1.88 µg/mL in the DPPH and 39.37 ± 2.59 µg/mL in the H2O2 assays, as well as reducing power capacity with an EC50 value of 20.82 ± 1.14 µg/mL in the FRAP assay. Both TPC and TFC were exhibited negative correlations (p < 0.01) with the IC50 and EC50 values obtained in the applied antioxidant assays. The aerial part-AM extract showed the highest inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus (26.5 ± 0.20 mm), followed by Shigella flexneri (19.4 ± 0.40 mm) and Proteus mirabilis (17.7 ± 0.49 mm). S. aureus was the most affected microorganism with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 128 µg/mL against the aerial part-AM extract. Interestingly, all evaluated extracts showed potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans. However, aerial part-AM was the most effective, with an inhibition zone of 12.6 ± 0.17 mm. The results concluded that Z. spinosa possesses different phytochemicals displaying significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, thus lending credence to its use in traditional medicine.

Interferon Beta-1b and Lopinavir-Ritonavir for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Whether combined treatment with recombinant interferon beta-1b and lopinavir-ritonavir reduces mortality among patients hospitalized with Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is unclear. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, adaptive, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that enrolled patients at nine sites in Saudi Arabia. Hospitalized adults with laboratory-confirmed MERS were randomly assigned to receive recombinant interferon beta-1b plus lopinavir-ritonavir (intervention) or placebo for 14 days. The primary outcome was 90-day all-cause mortality, with a one-sided P-value threshold of 0.025. Prespecified subgroup analyses and safety analyses were conducted. Because of the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019, the data and safety monitoring board requested an unplanned interim analysis and subsequently recommended the termination of enrollment and the reporting of the results. RESULTS: A total of 95 patients were enrolled; 43 patients were assigned to the intervention group and 52 to the placebo group. A total of 12 patients (28%) in the intervention group and 23 (44%) in the placebo group died by day 90. The analysis of the primary outcome, with accounting for the adaptive design, yielded a risk difference of -19 percentage points (upper boundary of the 97.5% confidence interval [CI], -3; one-sided P = 0.024). In a prespecified subgroup analysis, treatment within 7 days after symptom onset led to lower 90-day mortality than use of placebo (relative risk, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.75), whereas later treatment did not. Serious adverse events occurred in 4 patients (9%) in the intervention group and in 10 (19%) in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of recombinant interferon beta-1b and lopinavir-ritonavir led to lower mortality than placebo among patients who had been hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed MERS. The effect was greatest when treatment was started within 7 days after symptom onset. (Funded by the King Abdullah International Medical Research Center; MIRACLE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02845843.).

Acacia honey from different altitudes: total phenols and flavonoids, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra, and anticancer activity.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate Acacia honey from different altitudes regarding total phenols and flavonoids, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra and anticancer activity against human cancer cell lines. METHODS: Anticancer activity was investigated using sulforhodamine B cytotoxicity assays in the following human cancer cell lines: HCT116 (colon); MCF7 (breast), and HepG2 (liver). Total phenols and flavonoids were measured using spectrophotometric methods and LIF was used to differentiate between low and high-altitude honey. RESULTS: The LIF spectra differed between low and high-altitude Acacia honey. High altitude Acacia honey was characterized by significantly lower total phenol content (81.47 ± 1.25 mg gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/100 g) and increased total flavonoids (10.63 ± 0.53 mg quercetin equivalent [QE]/100 g) versus low altitude Acacia honey (91.33 ± 0.96 mg GAE/100 g and 8.78 ± 0.23 mg QE/100 g, respectively). Low altitude Acacia honey displayed increased IC50 values against HCT116 and MCF7 cells (264.17 ± 10.5 and 482.65 ± 20.3 µg/ml, respectively) versus high altitude Acacia honey (117.99 ± 12.7 and 189.82 ± 15.8 µg/ml, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: High altitude Acacia honey had significantly more effective anticancer activity against HCT116 and MCF7 cells compared with low altitude honey.

Fabrication, characterization and biological evaluation of silymarin nanoparticles against carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity in rats.

This study aimed to synthesize silymarin nanoparticles (SILNPs) using chitosan nanoparticles as a delivery system and to evaluate their protective effects against CCl4 in rats. Eight groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for three weeks included the control group, CCl4-treated group (100 mg/kg b.w twice a week); SIL-treated group (50 mg/lg b.w); the groups treated daily with low dose (LD) or high dose (HD) of SILNPs (25, 50 mg/kg b.w) and the groups treated with CCl4 plus SIL, SILNPs (LD) or SILNPs (HD). Blood and tissue samples were collected for different assays. The synthesized SILNPs showed a smooth rounded shape with average particle size of 100 ± 2.8 nm. SILNPs contain the same compounds found in raw SIL and the in vitro release of SILNPs continues till 24 h. The in vivo study revealed that SIL and SILNPs at the low or high dose induced a significant improvement in the hematological parameters, liver and kidney function, lipid profile, serum cytokines, gene expression DNA fragmentation and histology of liver and kidney tissue resulted from CCl4. It could be concluded that SILNPs can be applied in oral delivery formulations with a potential application value for liver disease therapy.

Serum Alpha-fetoprotein Levels and Response to Direct Antiviral Therapy in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C: Real-world Results from 1716 Patients in Egypt.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Direct Antiretroviral Agents (DAAs), sofosbuvir-based therapies, have opened a new era in the treatment of chronic HCV infection. The aim of the study was to investigate the potential use of baseline and in serial serum, AFP levels as a predictor for response to DAAs in patients with Chronic Hepatitis C. METHODS: This multicenter observational study was carried out on 1716 chronic hepatitis C virusinfected patients who received direct anti-viral drugs for 12 weeks. The primary end point was sustained virological response at 12 weeks after the end of treatment determined by quantitative PCR for HCV RNA. Serum AFP was quantitatively assessed at baseline then after 12week after stoppage of treatment (SVR12). RESULTS: SVR12 rate was 97.8%. Elevated serum AFP was significantly higher in non -SVR group p value (<0.001). There was a significantly marked decrease in AFP after treatment in comparison to pretreatment values. The multivariate logistic regression analysis on the resulting significant variable from the univariate analysis revealed that only AFP was significantly related to the response to direct antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C with p <0.001, OR 1.10 (95% CI 1.07:1.12). Other sociodemographic (e.g. Age, gender, BMI, ..) or laboratory factors (Hb, ANC, WBCs, …) did not show any significant association with the patients' response to treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Serum AFP levels were a predictor for response in patients with chronic HCV with the administration of direct antiviral drugs.

Greater curvature as a gastric pouch for sleeve gastrectomy: a novel bariatric procedure. Feasibility study in a canine model.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has serious complications, such as leaks, reflux, stenosis, and kinks, which are also consequences of shortcomings in the LSG technique. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the feasibility and weight loss of a novel bariatric procedure, using the greater curvature as the gastric pouch for sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in dogs. SETTING: Animal house in Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University. METHODS: Five 20- to 25-kg stray mongrel male dogs were subjected to open SG using the greater curve as the gastric pouch (GCSG group). The weight was monitored at day of surgery and at postoperative weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8; weight progression was compared with a sham and a standard SG group. By the end of the follow-up period autopsy was done. RESULTS: The mean operative time in GCSG group was 39.6 ± 3.97 minutes. At the end of the study, dogs in the sham group had gained 8% of their preoperative weight, while the GCSG and standard SG groups lost 24.7% and 25% of their preoperative weight, respectively. At autopsy, the gastric sleeve in the GCSG group showed excellent healing with no stenotic areas, kinks, or mucosal ulcerations. CONCLUSION: Greater curvature SG is technically feasible in a canine model. Larger studies with longer follow-up period will be needed to assess weight progression and resolution of the metabolic co-morbidities.

Trimodalities for bladder cancer in elderly: Transurethral resection, hypofractionated radiotherapy and gemcitabine.

PURPOSE: A prospective phase II study carried out to evaluate hypofractionated radiotherapy with concurrent gemcitabine for bladder preservation in the elderly patient with bladder cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-one patients were enrolled, age ≥65years, diagnosed with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, after a maximum safe transurethral resection of a bladder tumour. They received 52.5Gy in 20 fractions using 3D conformal radiotherapy with concurrent 100mg/m2 gemcitabine weekly as a radiosensitizer. RESULTS: All patients completed their radiation therapy course, while seven patients received their chemotherapy irregularly due to grade 3 toxicities. Twenty-five patients (80.6%) achieved a complete response. At 2-years, overall survival was 94.4% and disease-free survival was 72.6%. T3 and residual after transurethral resection are factors that adversely affect disease-free survival. CONCLUSION: Hypofractionated radiotherapy and gemcitabine as a radiosensitizer in elderly as organ preservation for transitional cell carcinoma bladder cancer have acceptable toxicity profile with good response rate and disease-free survival, keeping salvage cystectomy for persistence or recurrence of invasive cancer.

Polymer encapsulation of anticancer silver-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes.

Amphiphilic block copolymers have been developed for the encapsulation of organometallic drugs. silver-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes have shown significant promise as anticancer and antibacterial compounds, and have been studied as the payload in these carriers. Simple modification of the N-heterocyclic carbene ligand structure enables solubility properties and interaction with the polymer to be tuned.

Murine hepatocytes DNA changes as an assessment of the immunogenicity of potential anti-schistosomal vaccines experimentally.

Hepatic affection by granulomatous inflammation in schistosomiasis suggested that a potential anti-pathology vaccine could be generated based on limiting the presence of hazardous hepatocytes induced apoptosis and caused reduction of granulomas number and size . So, this work is concerned with experimental assessment of the efficacy of different Schistosoma mansoni antigens (SEA, SWAP and combined SEA and SWAP) on murine liver after challenge by Schistosoma infection, histopathological, histochemical and molecular investigations were performed on sixty male laboratory bred Swiss Albino mice. A schedule of vaccination and challenge infection was followed and performed on 6 mice groups (each of ten); control normal (G1), control infected (G2), adjuvant received then infected (G3), SEA + adj. received then infected (G4), SWAP + adj. received then infected (G5) and SEA + SWAP + adj. received then infected (G6).Animals were euthanized 10 weeks post infection.Vaccination efficacy was assessed by histopathological, histochemical and molecular studies on murine hepatic tissues.Results showed that:The combined (SEA + SWAP) antigens were better in reducing the number and diameter of the hepatic granulomas, with more protection of the hepatocytes DNA, in addition to more decrease of hepatocytes induced apoptosis and fragmentation as demonstrated by molecular assay.

Expression of genes encoding cellulolytic enzymes in some Aspergillus species.

Fermentation is an important industrial process for microbial metabolite development and has wide applications in various fields. Aspergillus is the most important genus of fungi used for the production of microbial enzymes such as cellulase. The Aspergillus genome encodes various cellulolytic enzymes. In this study, we assayed the gene expression and cellulolytic enzyme production of three isolates: A. niger (KSU009), A. terreus (KC462061), and A. flavus (KSU014). Two fermentation systems, submerged fermentation and biofilm fermentation (BF), were used for this purpose. Gene expression analysis by RT-PCR showed that cbhB, exo, eglA, eglB, eglC, and ß-actin genes were differentially expressed in the two fermentation systems for these three isolates during enzyme production. Furthermore, the expression of all genes was found to be higher in the BF system. The six genes were not expressed in the isolates with no cellulolytic enzyme production. The isolates were identified by morphological and molecular methods, which were based on macroscopic characteristics and sequence analysis of ITS1, ITS2, and the 5.8S regions of rDNA.

Early Weight Recidivism Following Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Prospective Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Although weight loss following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) can be substantial, weight recidivism is still a major concern. The aim of our work is to study early weight recidivism following LSG and to evaluate the role of gastric computed tomography volumetry (GCTV) in the assessment of patients experiencing early weight regain. METHODS: One-hundred and one morbidly obese patients undergoing LSG were prospectively studied. Patients were followed up for 2 years. Those who presented with weight recidivism were counseled for dietary habits and assessed for the amount of weight regain. Patients who regained weight were scheduled for GCTV. RESULTS: Twelve patients were excluded from the study. Weight recidivism was reported in 9/89 patients (10.1 %) [weight loss failure (n = 1), weight regain (n = 8)] and was almost always first recognized 1½-2 years after LSG. The amount of weight regain showed negative correlations with preoperative body weight and body mass index (r = -0.643, P = 0.086 and r = -0.690, P = 0.058; respectively) and positive correlations with the distance between the pylorus and the beginning of the staple line (r = 0.869, P = 0.005), as well as with the residual gastric volume (RGV) on GCTV 2 years after LSG (r = 0.786, P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: In the small group of patients who regained weight, a longer distance between the pylorus and the beginning of the staple line, as well as a higher RGV on GCTV 2 years after LSG, were both associated with increased weight regain. Gastric computed tomography volumetry with RGV measurement holds promise as a useful research tool after LSG.

Is diabetes mellitus-linked amino acid signature associated with ß-blocker-induced impaired fasting glucose?

BACKGROUND: The 5-amino acid (AA) signature, including isoleucine, leucine, valine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, has been associated with incident diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. We investigated whether this same AA signature, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes in their catabolic pathway, was associated with development of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) after atenolol treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among 234 European American participants enrolled in the Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses (PEAR) study and treated with atenolol for 9 weeks, we prospectively followed a nested cohort that had both metabolomics profiling and genotype data available for the development of IFG. We assessed the association between baseline circulating levels of isoleucine, leucine, valine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, as well as single-nucleotide polymorphisms in branched-chain amino-acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1) and phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) with development of IFG. All baseline AA levels were strongly associated with IFG development. Each increment in standard deviation of the 5 AAs was associated with the following odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for IFG based on a fully adjusted model: isoleucine 2.29 (1.31-4.01), leucine 1.80 (1.10-2.96), valine 1.77 (1.07-2.92), tyrosine 2.13 (1.20-3.78), and phenylalanine 2.04 (1.16-3.59). The composite P value was 2×10(-5). Those with PAH (rs2245360) AA genotype had the highest incidence of IFG (P for trend=0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide important insight into the metabolic and genetic mechanisms underlying atenolol-associated adverse metabolic effects. Clinical Trial Registration- http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique Identifier: NCT00246519.