Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and the effect of tea extracts on isolates.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal carriage among patients, healthcare workers (HCWs), and community individuals, as well as to test the effect of tea extracts on detected S. aureus isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study that was followed by an experimental study included a total of 1021 nasal swab samples that were collected from 470 community cases, 191 HCWs, and 360 patients. Isolation of S. aureus and MRSA was carried out on mannitol salt agar plates. S. aureus isolates were identified according to standard microbiological methods. Methicillin resistance was determined by disc-diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute recommendations. A total of six tea samples (black and green) were purchased from different markets in Alexandria and were extracted. The antibacterial effects of these tea extracts were tested against identified MRSA isolates using agar gel diffusion method. RESULTS: The overall S. aureus nasal carriage rate was 12.5%, distributed as 7.9% MRSA and 4.6% methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. The rates of MRSA nasal carriage among HCWs, patients, and community cases were 10.5, 8.1, and 6.8%, respectively. Green tea had a strong effect on more than half of the isolates (55%) and an intermediate effect on 45% of them. It had no weak effect on any of the MRSA isolates. CONCLUSION: Among all tested individuals, HCWs had the highest percentage of MRSA nasal carriage. Green tea had a significantly stronger inhibitory effect than black tea on almost all tested isolates.

Health care workers' knowledge and practices regarding the prevention of central venous catheter-related infection.

BACKGROUND: Central venous catheter-related infection (CVC-RI) is considered a common cause of increased morbidity, mortality, and medical care costs in intensive care units (ICUs). The objective in this descriptive study was to assess the knowledge of health care workers in ICUs about guidelines for the prevention of CVC-RI and their adherence to these guidelines in practices. METHODS: Health care workers were assessed for their actual practices during central venous catheter (CVC) insertion and care. Then a questionnaire was distributed to the health care workers to assess their knowledge regarding the prevention of CVC-RI. RESULTS: All the health care workers (N = 100; 40 physicians, 60 nurses) in the ICUs (levels I and III and triage) of Alexandria Main University Hospital participated in the present study. The response rate was 100%. The total percentage of correct answers of the health care workers about the guidelines for the prevention of CVC-RI was low. There was no significant difference between physicians' and nurses' knowledge regarding the total score on the questionnaire (P = .134). However, physicians had a significantly higher knowledge about the pathophysiology of CVC-RI and skin antisepsis items than nurses. There were no significant differences between the knowledge of physicians and nurses in other items except for CVC care, where nurses showed significantly higher knowledge than physicians (P = .001). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study revealed health care worker's low knowledge regarding the prevention of CVC-RI and low compliance with the standard guidelines of CVC care. Therefore, health care workers should be periodically evaluated for their knowledge and practices regarding guidelines for the prevention of CVC-RI.

Illumination of dense urban areas by light redirecting panels.

With the high population growth rate, especially in developing countries, and the scarcity of land resources, buildings are becoming so close to each other, depriving the lower floors and the alleys from sunlight and consequently causing health problems. Therefore, there is an urgent need for cost-effective efficient light redirecting panels that guide sun rays into those dim places. In this paper, we address this problem. A novel sine wave based panel is presented to redirect/diverge light downward and enhance the illumination level in those dark places. Simulation results show that the proposed panel improves the illuminance values by more than 200% and 400% in autumn and winter respectively, operates over wide solar altitude ranges, and redirects light efficiently. Experimental and simulation results are in good agreement.

The utility of lactoferrin in differentiating parasitic from bacterial infections.

Lactoferrin is an iron binding glycoprotein found in the 2ry granules of PMN. In order to determine the usefulness of such marker for neutrophilic activity in differentiating cases suffering from amoebic and bacillary dysentery, Schistosoma and bacterial UTI infections, we examined stool and urine specimens using anti-lactoferrin antibodies (lactoferrin latex agglutination test: LFLA), compared with different standard gold techniques. Our results demonstrated that cases with either shigllosis or UTI revealed a high lactoferrin titer which was positively correllated with the number of PMN. In addition cases with Entamoeba histolytica or S. haematobium were characterized by relatively lower inflammatory process as expressed by mild lactoferrin titer which was also correlated with the PMN count. In addition, the findings of the present work indicated that LFLA was sensitive and specific when used alone and its sensitivity was augmented after coupling with other simple indirect methods of diagnosis. In conclusion, results described the reliability of using LFLA as a simple, rapid, sensitive method in differentiating, certain parasitic from bacterial diseases.