ABSTRACT
Combination therapy of many anthelmintic drugs has been used to achieve fast animal curing. Q-DRENCH is an oral suspension, containing four different active drugs against GIT worms in sheep, commonly used in Australia and New Zeeland. The anti-parasitic drugs are Albendazole (ALB), Levamisole HCl (LEV), Abamectin (ABA), and Closantel (CLO). The main purpose of this study is to present a new simultaneous stability-indicting HPLC-DAD method for the analysis of the four drugs. The recommended liquid system was 1 mL of Triethylamine/L water, adjusting the pH to 3.5 by glacial acetic acid: acetonitrile solvent (20:80, v/v). Isocratic elusion achieved the desired results of separation at a 2 mL/min flow rate using Zorbax C-18 as a stationary phase. Detection was performed at 210 nm. The linearity ranges were 15.15 to 93.75 µg/mL for ALB, 25 to 150 µg/mL for LEV, 30 to 150 µg/mL for ABA, and 11.7 to 140.63 µg/mL for CLO. Moreover, the final greenness score was 0.62 using the AGREE tool, which reflects the eco-friendly nature. Moreover, the four drugs were determined successfully in the presence of their stressful degradation products. This work presents the first chromatographic method for simultaneous analysis for Q-DRENCH oral suspension drugs in the presence of their stressful degradation products.
Subject(s)
Albendazole/analysis , Ivermectin/analogs & derivatives , Levamisole/analysis , Salicylanilides/analysis , Administration, Oral , Albendazole/administration & dosage , Albendazole/chemistry , Albendazole/pharmacokinetics , Animals , Anthelmintics/administration & dosage , Anthelmintics/analysis , Anthelmintics/chemistry , Anthelmintics/pharmacokinetics , Australia , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Drug Stability , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Ivermectin/administration & dosage , Ivermectin/analysis , Ivermectin/chemistry , Ivermectin/pharmacokinetics , Levamisole/administration & dosage , Levamisole/chemistry , Levamisole/pharmacokinetics , Limit of Detection , New Zealand , Salicylanilides/administration & dosage , Salicylanilides/chemistry , Salicylanilides/pharmacokinetics , Sheep , SuspensionsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Most vaginal births are associated with trauma to the perineum. The morbidity associated with perineal trauma can be significant, especially when it leads to third- and fourth-degree perineal tears. We hypothesized that antenatal perineal massage could decrease the incidence of perineal trauma, particularly severe perineal tears and other postpartum complications. METHODS: We searched four different databases from inception until August 2019 for the available trials. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which assessed the effect of antenatal perineal massage (intervention group) versus control group (no antenatal perineal massage) in perineal trauma patients. Data were extracted from eligible studies and meta-analyzed using RevMan software. Primary outcomes were the risk of episiotomies and perineal tears. Secondary outcomes were perineal pain, second stage of labor duration, wound healing, anal incontinence, and Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min. RESULTS: Eleven RCTs with 3467 patients were analyzed. Women who received antenatal perineal massage had significantly lower incidence of episiotomies (RR = 0.79, 95% CI [0.72, 0.87], p < 0.001) and perineal tears (RR = 0.79, 95% CI [0.67, 0.94], p = 0.007), particularly the risk of third- and fourth-degree perineal tears (p = 0.03). Better wound healing and less perineal pain were evident in the antenatal perineal massage group. Antenatal perineal massage reduced the second stage of labor duration (p = 0.005) and anal incontinence (p = 0.003) with significant improvement in Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Antenatal perineal massage is associated with a lower risk of severe perineal trauma and postpartum complications.
Subject(s)
Obstetric Labor Complications , Perineum , Delivery, Obstetric/adverse effects , Episiotomy/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Massage , Morbidity , Obstetric Labor Complications/etiology , Obstetric Labor Complications/prevention & control , Postpartum Period , Pregnancy , Randomized Controlled Trials as TopicABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the most effective analgesia for pain relief during the outpatient endometrial biopsy (OEB) or outpatient hysteroscopy with endometrial aspiration (EA). DESIGN: Systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENT(S): Pre- or postmenopausal women undergoing OEB or outpatient hysteroscopy with EA for evaluation of uterine pathology. INTERVENTION(S): We conducted an electronic search of the following bibliographic databases: Medline via PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The intensity of pain during, immediately after, and 10-30 minutes after procedure assessed by the 10-cm visual analog scale. RESULT(S): Lidocaine spray was the most effective medication for reducing pain during OEB (P-score = 0.83) and immediately after OEB (P-score = 0.96). On the other hand, naproxen sodium was the most effective medication for reducing pain during outpatient hysteroscopy with EA (P-score = 1.00), followed by misoprostol plus lidocaine (P-score = 0.87). CONCLUSION(S): Lidocaine spray, either alone or with topical application of lidocaine, is the most effective medication for reducing the pain during and after the OEB. Naproxen sodium is the most effective analgesic option during outpatient hysteroscopy with EA.
