Effect of dapagliflozin against NAFLD and dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic albino rats: possible underlying mechanisms.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate the effect of dapagliflozin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic rats by studying the histopathological structure of the liver and detecting possible underlying mechanisms for this impact by evaluating the potential anti-inflammatory action of dapagliflozin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 100 albino rats were used in this work and divided into five equal groups: group I (Control group), group II (Control diabetic group), group III (was administered dapagliflozin, 0.75 mg/kg, p.o.), group IV (was administered dapagliflozin, 1.5 mg/kg, p.o.), and group V (was administered dapagliflozin, 3 mg/kg, p.o.). RESULTS: In our study, the total body weight, liver weight, liver index, blood glucose level, insulin level, insulin resistance, total cholesterol, triglycerides, liver enzymes, IL-1 ß, and MDA were significantly higher in the control diabetic group than the normal group. The dapagliflozin reduced all the above variables significantly in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control diabetic group (p-value = 0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS: Dapagliflozin may be a promising novel treatment strategy for treating T2DM-related non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and dyslipidemia where it possesses anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-dyslipidemic effects.

Suprapubic grasper-assisted transvesical endoscopic ureterocele puncture: a novel technical innovation.

Although endoscopic drainage remains treatment of choice for ureterocele in pediatric age group, often urologists, especially during the learning phase and difficult anatomy, feel a limitation because of inability to do intravesical manipulation. This can be attributed to absence of the second working channel in pediatric cystoscope owing to size limitation. Herein, we describe a novel technique for safe introduction of a grasper which acts as a second surgical arm for endoscopists and simultaneously facilitates both intravesical manipulation and drainage of ureterocele at an optimal location with minimal complications.

Surfactants and ureas affect the cloud point of amphiphilic drug, clomipramine hydrochloride.

Clomipramine hydrochloride (CLP) is an antidepressant drug which shows temperature dependent phase separation, also known as the cloud point (CP). Increase in pH decreases the CP of the drug solution. Addition of ureas/thioureas at a fixed pH (6.25) decreases/increases the CP. In ureas, presence of >CO bond causes a decrease in repulsions among positively charged drug molecules. However, >CS bond (of thioureas) behaves oppositely and hence CP increases. Cationic and non-ionic surfactants form mixed micelles and hence increase the CP. Anionic surfactants, at low concentrations, retard micellization and increase the CP. At higher concentrations, these surfactants also form mixed micelles and, due to charge opposite to the drug molecules, reduce the repulsion among micelles and act as CP suppressors. Increase in solution pH/drug concentration at different fixed concentrations of CTAB causes the CP to decrease/increase. Dye solubilization results with the drug have provided proof to the above explanation.

Conductometric study of antidepressant drug-cationic surfactant mixed micelles in aqueous solution.

Conductivity measurements have been carried out on aqueous solutions of two antidepressant drugs (nortriptyline hydrochloride and clomipramine hydrochloride) with four cationic surfactants (monomeric: cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetradecylammonium bromide; dimeric: 1,5-pentanediyl-alpha-omega-bis(hexadecyldimethylammonium bromide), 1,4-butanediyl-alpha,omega-bis(hexadecyldimethylammonium bromide) as well as with sodium chloride. Counterions from NaCl adsorb to the charged headgroup of the drug molecules and reduce the repulsion, hence cmc decreases. cmc values decreased with the addition of surfactants indicating mixed micelle formation. Experimental mole fraction of surfactants in micelle (X1) and their ideal values (X1 id) also support this explanation. Interaction parameter, beta, and excess free energy of micellization are negative suggesting synergism in mixed state. Activity coefficients are less than unity which means non-ideal mixing.