Protozoan and helminths infestation of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and its correlation with certain water quality variables along river Nile in the area of Greater Cairo.

Pollutants and parasites represent stressors for fish at the individual, population, or community levels. The current study outlines the seasonal infestation pattern of Oreochromis niloticus by protozoan and helminths parasites linked to some physicochemical parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity), and metals (Cd, Pb, Fe, Zn, and Ca), at nine selected sites in River Nile (Greater Cairo area) from summer 2019 till spring 2020. Most of the studied criteria in Nile water samples showed normal levels during all seasons compared to the recommended limits of EPA. The parasitological examinations recorded three protozoan categories: Myxobolus (8 species), hemoflagellates (Trypanosoma mukasi) and Ciliates (Trichodina compacta), and three helminths; Clinostomum sp., Acanthocephala sp. and Euclinostomum ardeola. The highest incidence of infection was determined for Clinostomum sp., followed in descending order by Myxobolus sp., Acanthocephala sp., T. mukasi, E. ardeolathen, and T. compacta. Notably, this study introduces the novel identification of new species of Myxobolus in the blood of Oreochromis niloticus. The histopathological examination of gills, muscles, and kidneys reveals serious changes and the presence of encysted trematodes, metacercariae, and cysts of protozoan parasites. Additionally, the study employs cluster analysis based on site similarity in water variables and canonical correspondence analysis, explaining 98.7 % of the variables and indicating correlations between parasite infestation and environmental factors. These analytical approaches reveal the impact of land use activities on water variables and the influence of adjacent activities on fish parasite infestation patterns. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive perspective by considering various factors to enhance our understanding of pollutants and parasites affecting fish in the River Nile.

Comparative study on Lake Manzala in Egypt after and before development and purifications: Ecosystem and biomarkers; biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical.

The present work aims to evaluate the impact of Lake Manzala development, started in 2017, on lake water quality and biomarkers of Lake Oreochromis niloticus and Biomphalaria alexandrina samples from Dakahlia and Port Said during 2021 and compare it with the results of a series of studies concerning the same criteria in Lake Manzala during 2015. Results showed a remarkable increase in water EC, indicating a higher water exchange with the sea, a significant decrease in Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn levels in water samples, and a remarkable decline in Cd and Pb bioaccumulation in all fish and snail samples. Macroinvertebrate samples showed higher taxa richness than in 2015, indicating biologically improved lake water quality. Results showed no trematode transmission, while there were natural infections in B. alexandrina snails during 2015. Biochemically, liver enzymes and hematological criteria in fish and snail samples during 2021 showed levels nearer to control at Port Said, indicating a less stressed liver and more healthy specimens than in 2015. Histopathological examination of fish organs (except spleen) and snail tissues pointed to their improved tissue architecture in Port Said than that of Dakahlia (2021). However, the 2021 samples were better than those of 2015. The immunohistochemical study showed higher expression of IL-6 in Dakahlia samples than the other samples, denoting higher tissue inflammation and humoral immune response. So, all the examined criteria indicated that Manzala Lake is positively impacted by the developmental and purification process, especially in Port Said.

Assessment of schistosomiasis transmission in the River Nile at Greater Cairo using malacological surveys and cercariometry.

Continuous field studies on the abundance and distribution of freshwater snails and cercarial populations are important for schistosomiasis control programs. In the present work, snail surveys and cercariometry were conducted for four successive seasons at 12 sites on the Nile River banks in the area of Greater Cairo to identify potential transmission foci for schistosomiasis. In addition, water physicochemical parameters were recorded. The results showed that the electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, and pH were within the permissible levels, except that the water temperature increased, especially in the spring season. Malacological surveys identified 10 native snail species at the studied sites of the Nile River, namely Bulinus truncatus, Biomphalaria alexandrina, Lymnaea natalensis, Lanistes carinatus, Cleopatra bulimoides, Melanoides tuberculata, Helisoma duryi, Bellamya unicolor, Physa acuta, Thedoxus niloticus, and one invasive snail species, Thiara scabra. The calculated diversity index indicated that the structure of snails' habitats was poor, while Evenness index indicated that the individuals were not distributed equally. Natural infection results identified no schistosome cercariae in B. truncatus and B. alexandrina. However, the cercariometry recovered Schistosoma cercariae in all the surveyed sites during all seasons with variable distribution. The preceding data suggest that there are still some active transmission foci for schistosomiasis infection in the Nile River. Moreover, the present finding highlights the importance of cercariomety as a complementary approach to snail samplings for identifying the transmission foci for schistosomiasis.

Moringa oleifera ethanolic extract attenuates tilmicosin-induced renal damage in male rats via suppression of oxidative stress, inflammatory injury, and intermediate filament proteins mRNA expression.

Tilmicosin (Til) is a popular macrolide antibiotic, widely used in veterinary practice. The present study was designed to address the efficacy of Moringa oleifera ethanolic extract (MOE) in protecting against Tilmicosin (Til) - induced nephrotoxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. Animals were treated once with Til (75 mg/kg bw, subcutaneously), and/or MOE for 7 days (400 or 800 mg/kg bw, by oral gavage). Til-treatment was associated with significantly increased serum levels of creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium and GGT activity, as well as decreased total protein and albumin concentrations. Renal tissue hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were elevated, while the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes were diminished. The levels of renal tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) and the mRNA expression of intermediate filament protein encoding genes (desmin, nestin and vimentin) in the kidney were up- regulated with histopathological alterations in renal glomeruli, tubules and interstitial tissue. These toxic effects were markedly ameliorated by co-treatment of MOE with Til, in a dose dependent manner. Taken together, these results indicate that MO at 800 mg/kg protects against Til-induced renal injury, likely by its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which make it suitable to be used as a protective supplement with Til therapy.

Inflammatory and oxidative injury is induced in cardiac and pulmonary tissue following fipronil exposure in Japanese quail: mRNA expression of the genes encoding interleukin 6, nuclear factor kappa B, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

The phenylpyrazole insecticide, fipronil, isused for the eradication of insects in agriculture, which also exposes various non-target groups such as birds and animals. Our aim was to assess the cardiac and pulmonary consequences of sub-acute administration of fipronil (1∕5 LD50; 2.26 mg/kg) in the Japanese quail for fifteen days and to determine the tissue recovery over a period of 60 days. Fipronil exposure led to a significant decrease in the body weight of the treated birds. Its exposure also induced cardiac and pulmonary damage of varying degrees. Fipronil increased the lipid peroxide (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) contents as well as indices of tissue injury in the serum of exposed birds. Furthermore, it decreased the antioxidant indices in both the organs. Most of these changes gradually reversed and the histological changes, particularly of the heart, reversed completely by day-60 of recovery. Furthermore, alterations in the mRNA gene expressions of Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were monitored by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In both the tissues, a significant up-regulation of the transcripts was recorded after fipronil administration, which was reversed during the recovery period in the heart tissue except for TNF-α, while the transcripts in the lung tissue declined non-significantly. This study showed that the exposure of Japanese quail to fipronil has a profound negative impact on heart and lung including oxidative injury and tissue inflammation. Fipronil can induce the activity of NF-κB inflammatory -signaling pathway that play a role in the associated tissue inflammation. Although most of the cardiac changes could be reversed after a recovery period of sixty days, the pulmonary changes did not reverse much.

Reconstructive surgery for female genital mutilation starts sexual functioning in Sudanese woman: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Female genital mutilation (FGM) involves the partial or complete removal of the external female genitalia and/or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or other nontherapeutic reasons. AIMS: The study aims to describe the method of and findings from reconstructive surgery for FGM victims. METHODS: We present a case of a 24-year-old Sudanese female, who had undergone ritual FGM type III as a young girl. She had suffered from a large, vulval mass for the last 6 years and came to the clinic because of apareunia. We performed mass excision and reconstructive surgery of the mutilated genital tissue. RESULTS: The giant mass was successfully removed. Remaining genital tissues were approximated and sutured, with hemostasis assured for the reconstructed organs on each side. CONCLUSION: Reconstructive surgery for women who suffer sexual consequences from FGM is feasible, with a high degree of client acceptance and satisfaction. It restores some of women's natural genital anatomy, and offers the potential for improved female sexuality.