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Edaravone, a pyrazalone derivative, is an antioxidant and free radical scavenger used to treat oxidative stress-related diseases. It is a proven drug to mitigate conditions prevailing to oxidative stress by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, reducing inflammation, and thereby preventing endothelial cell death. In recent years, considerable interest has been given by researchers in the derivatization of edaravone by adding varieties of substituents of versatile steric and functional properties to improve its antioxidant and pharmacological activity. This review accounts all the important methods developed for the derivatization of edaravone and the impacts of the structural modifications on the antioxidant activity of the motif.
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Introduction and importance: Brain abscess (BA) is a pyogenic infection of the brain parenchyma caused by various organisms. Multiple BAs are uncommon in neonates, and Candida albicans as a causative agent is very rare. If left untreated, BAs are invariably fatal. Early diagnosis, prompt surgical intervention, simultaneous eradication of the primary source, and high-dose intravenous antibiotics decrease the incidence of morbidity and mortality. Case presentation: A 20-day-old newborn, delivered normally at term with a full APGAR score, presented with a 5-day history of fever, decreased activity, jaundice, and seizures. Imaging identified multiple cerebral cysts, diagnosed as multiple cerebral abscesses. Treatment involved intraoperative USG-guided burr-hole drainage, followed by a 6-week antifungal therapy course. C. albicans was found to be the causative organism following microscopic examination and culture of the pus. Clinical discussion: This literature highlights the rarity of fungal involvement in multiple cerebral abscesses in neonates. Managing such cases is very challenging, as the presentation may mimic bacterial infections. The importance of considering fungi as a causative agent in treatment decisions is crucial. Conclusion: Multiple BAs of fungal origin are extremely rare. Early detection and management of cases can reduce mortality among neonates.
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Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a causative agent of a disease continuum, ranging from an acute transient chikungunya fever to chronic incapacitating viral arthralgia. The interaction between anti-CHIKV antibodies and the complement system has recently received attention. However, the contribution of complement activation in CHIKV-induced pathologies has not been fully elucidated. The present study was undertaken to delineate the possible contribution of complement activation in CHIKV-induced disease progression. In this study, using plasma specimens of chikungunya patients in the acute, chronic, and recovered phases of infection, we explicated the involvement of complement activation in CHIKV disease progression by ELISAs and Bio-Plex assays. Correlation analysis was carried out to demonstrate interrelation among C1q-binding IgG-containing circulating immune complexes (CIC-C1q), complement activation fragments (C3a, C5a, sC5b-9), and complement-modulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-18, IL-6, and TNF-α). We detected elevated complement activation fragments, CIC-C1q, and complement-modulated cytokines in the varied patient groups compared with the healthy controls, indicating persistent activation of the complement system. Furthermore, we observed statistically significant correlations among CIC-C1q with complement activation fragments and C3a with complement modulatory cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-18 during the CHIKV disease progression. Taken together, the current data provide insight into the plausible association between CICs, complement activation, subsequent complement modulatory cytokine expression, and CHIKV etiopathology.
Subject(s)
Antigen-Antibody Complex , Chikungunya Fever , Chikungunya virus , Complement Activation , Complement C1q , Cytokines , Humans , Complement C1q/metabolism , Complement C1q/immunology , Chikungunya Fever/immunology , Chikungunya Fever/virology , Chikungunya Fever/blood , Antigen-Antibody Complex/blood , Antigen-Antibody Complex/immunology , Chikungunya virus/immunology , Male , Cytokines/blood , Cytokines/metabolism , Middle Aged , Adult , Female , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
The sol-gel process was used to prepare zinc doped magnesium ferrite (Mg1-xZnxFe2O4) nanopowders obtained from the nitrates of magnesium, zinc and ferrous is precursor materials, maintain the pH value which were then studied for sensing purposes. The crystallite size and phase of the ferrite samples studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed a pure spinel phase (Mg1-xZnxFe2O4) with a cubic spinel structure and higher crystallite size and etc. The functional groups with possible stretching analysis were taken from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The surface features and morphology and the purity of the samples were analysed through a Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) spectrum respectively. Through the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), the magnetic behaviour was studied from relevant parameters such as saturation magnetization (Ms), coercivity (Hc) and retentivity (Mr). The larger Ms in 0.8 has ferromagnetic nature were observed. The dielectric constants (ε'& ε''), dielectric loss (tan δ) with AC conductivity (σAC) determined through the LCR metre, and electrochemical behaviour of the samples were found through cyclic voltametery. The possible polarizations at lower and higher frequencies are studied The obtained data are extensively examined and understood.
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Introduction and importance: A subgaleal abscess is a collection of pus in a potential space between the galea aponeurotica and pericranium. De novo subgaleal abscesses are a subset of subgaleal abscesses that develop in the absence of identifiable risk factors such as head trauma or procedures. However, these have rarely been reported in the literature. Case presentation: We present the case of a 65-year-old woman who presented with a headache for two and a half months, followed by swelling of the right parieto-occipital scalp. She denied any history of trauma, procedures, or anticoagulant use. A diagnosis of subgaleal abscess complicated by osteomyelitis and epidural abscess was made after obtaining a computed tomography of the head. Surgical treatment consisting of drainage, debridement, and craniectomy was performed, and the disease was successfully treated with a 6-week course of antibiotics. Clinical discussion: It is uncommon to have a de novo subgaleal abscess with spontaneous osteomyelitis and an epidural abscess as concurrent complications. The symptoms can be subtle, such as chronic headaches which can lead to delayed hospital visits. Computed tomography of the head is sufficient to make a definitive diagnosis. Appropriate antibiotic therapy and surgical intervention are necessary, which may encompass incision, drainage, debridement, and occasionally a craniectomy in order to achieve full resolution. Conclusions: One should be vigilant when evaluating scalp swelling for possible underlying abscesses. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate surgical treatment with adequate antibiotics are preferred treatment options for de novo subgaleal abscesses.
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Intramedullary Titanium elastic nailing (TENS) is successfully used for irreducible and displaced forearm bone fractures in children. The purpose of this study was to report the potential complications and functional outcomes associated with paediatric forearm fractures treated with TENS nails. We retrospectively reviewed 65 children with displaced forearm bone fractures treated by TENS nailing with a mean follow-up of 5.84 months (4-12). Data detailing patient demographics, fracture characteristics, associated fractures, injury surgery interval, grade of the operating surgeon, methods of fixation, time to union, the timing of removal of the nail, and complications were collected and analysed. The mean age in our study was 9.13 years. 92% had fractures of both radius and ulna, 83.3% had fixation of both bones, and 16.7% had single bone fixation only. Open reduction was required in 38.5% of cases. The average time to fracture union was 10.34 weeks (6-20). The average time of implant removal was 20.12 weeks (9-32). We observed an overall complication rate of 41.5%. We noted a higher (56% vs 32.5%, p=0.059) complication rate in open reduction cases. According to the Price criteria, we had excellent to good results in over 98% of patients despite a slightly higher complication rate. Titanium elastic nailing is a safe, reliable method of internal fixation for irreducible or unstable fractures of both bones of the forearm in children. Open reduction of fracture was associated with higher complications. Despite higher overall complications, we noted excellent functional results in most cases.
Subject(s)
Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary , Radius Fractures , Ulna Fractures , Child , Humans , Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary/adverse effects , Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary/methods , Titanium , Forearm , Retrospective Studies , Ulna Fractures/surgery , Radius Fractures/surgery , Radius Fractures/etiology , Hospitals, General , Bone Nails , Treatment Outcome , Fracture HealingABSTRACT
A lectin was isolated from the hepatopancreas of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii by affinity chromatography using mucin-sepharose matrix. The purity of the isolated lectin was confirmed in native gradient PAGE that showed a single protein band of â¼37.9 kDa. In SDS-PAGE also one band of â¼43.3 kDa molecular weight was observed that indicated the protein to be a monomer. The band from the SDS-PAGE gel was identified through mass spectrometry as chitinase 1. The purified chitinase (50 µg/ml) hemagglutinated rabbit RBCs and, mucin and glucose inhibited hemagglutination with minimum concentrations of 0.1 mg/ml and 100 mM, respectively. Bacterial agglutination with Gram -ve Vibrio harveyi, Aeromonas sobria and Escherichia coli was also observed by this protein. Thus, chitinase 1 showed lectin-like properties besides its chitin hydrolytic activity. In western blot with hepatopancreas sample, rabbit antiserum against chitinase 1 cross-reacted to two additional proteins namely, chitinase 1C and obstructor E (a chitin-binding protein, CBP), besides its specific reactivity. An indirect ELISA was developed with the antiserum to quantify chitinases/CBP in hepatopancreas and serum samples of M. rosenbergii. The assay was used in samples from juvenile prawns following V. harveyi challenge. At 72 h post-challenge, significantly higher levels of chitinases/CBP were quantified in the hepatopancreas of the challenged group (1.8 ± 0.2 mg/g tissue) compared to the control (1.2 ± 0.1 mg/g tissue). This study suggests that the chitinase 1 protein with lectin-like properties is possibly induced at the protein level and can be putatively involved in the innate immune response of M. rosenbergii.
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Background Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes are frequently reported findings in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We conducted a retrospective descriptive study to assess the prevalence of electrocardiographic changes in patients with non-traumatic SAH. Methods In this single-center retrospective cross-sectional study, ECG recordings of 45 patients who presented to Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital in the year 2019 with SAH were collected and analyzed to detect any abnormalities. Results In our study, 88.8% of patients had some form of ECG abnormality. The most common ECG abnormalities associated with SAH were QTc prolongation, T-wave abnormalities, and bradycardia, which were found, respectively, in 35.5%, 24.4%, and 24.4% of the patients. Other ECG changes we observed include ST depression, large U-waves, atrial fibrillation, and premature ventricular contractions. Conclusion Morphological and rhythm abnormalities are frequently observed in patients with SAH, which may cause diagnostic dilemmas and unnecessary workups. Further studies are required to evaluate their significance and correlate ECG changes with clinical outcomes.
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The UK National Joint Registry(NJR) has not reported total knee replacement (TKR) survivorship based on design phi- losophy alone, unlike its international counterparts. We report outcomes of implant survivorship based on design phi- losophy using data from NJR's 2020 annual report. All TKR implants with an identifiable design philosophy from NJR data were included. Cumulative revision data for cruciate-retaining(CR), posterior stabilised(PS), mobile-bearing(MB) design philosophies was derived from merged NJR data. Cumulative revision data for individual brands of implants with the medial pivot (MP) philosophy were used to calculate overall survivorship for this design philosophy. The all-cause revision was used as the endpoint and calculated to 15 years follow-up with Kaplan-Meier curves. 1,144,384 TKRs were included. CR is the most popular design philosophy (67.4%), followed by PS(23.1%), MB (6.9%) and least commonly MP (2.6%). MP and CR implants showed the best survivorship (95.7% and 95.6% respectively) at 15 years which is statistically significant at, and beyond, 10 years. Observed survivorship was lower at all time points with the PS and MB implants (94.5% for both designs at 15 years). While all design philosophies considered in this study survive well, CR and MP designs offer statistically superior survivorship at and beyond 10 years. MP design performs better than CR beyond 13 years yet, remain the least popular design philosophy used. Publishing data based on knee arthroplasty design phi- losophy would help surgeons when making decisions on implant choice.
Subject(s)
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee , Knee Prosthesis , Humans , Survivorship , Prosthesis Design , Reoperation , Registries , United Kingdom , Knee Joint/surgeryABSTRACT
We demonstrate that a time of flight (TOF) camera can be used to perform range selective temporal-heterodyne frequency-modulated continuous wave digital holography (TH FMCW DH). The modulated arrayed detection of a TOF camera allows efficient integration of holograms at a selected range with range resolutions significantly less than the optical system's depth of field. TH FMCW DH also allows for on-axis geometries to be achieved, where background light not at the internal modulation frequency of the camera is filtered out. Range selective TH FMCW DH imaging was achieved for both image holograms and Fresnel holograms using on-axis DH geometries. A 2.39 GHz FMCW chirp bandwidth resulted in a DH range resolution of 6.3 cm.
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The study focuses on the isolation, characterization, and expression analysis of a lectin from the hepatopancreas of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The protein was isolated by affinity chromatography on a melibiose-agarose column. The molecular weight of the native protein was found to be ~120 kDa which consists of a single polypeptide of ~39.5 kDa. On mass spectrometric analysis, the protein was identified as lipopolysaccharide- and beta-1,3-glucan binding protein (LGBP). LGBP showed hemagglutination with rabbit RBC like a lectin and its carbohydrate-binding specificity was determined by the hemagglutination inhibition test. The protein also showed antibacterial activity against two Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio harveyi and Aeromonas sobria, and one Gram positive bacteria Bacillus cereus in the disc diffusion test. Rabbit antiserum was raised against the purified LGBP and used to develop a sandwich ELISA system for quantitation of the protein in hepatopancreas and serum samples of M. rosenbergii. The expression of the LGBP transcripts in muscle, hepatopancreas, and gill tissues from M. rosenbergii juveniles at 72 h post-challenge of V. harveyi was not modulated as noticed in qPCR analysis. However, significant increases in the concentrations of LGBP protein in hepatopancreas (5.23 ± 0.45 against 3.43 ± 0.43 mg/g tissue in control) and serum (1.08 ± 0.14 against 0.61 ± 0.08 µg/ml in control) were observed in the challenged group of prawns in ELISA suggesting its putative role against bacterial infections. The study for the first time characterized the native LGBP of M. rosenbergii showing a multifunctional role in immunity.
Subject(s)
Palaemonidae , Animals , Rabbits , Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism , Hepatopancreas , LectinsABSTRACT
The objective of this study is to numerically investigate the thermal performance of cutting fluids dispersed with nanoparticles for effective heat removal during turning operations. The simulations are performed using Ansys Fluent software, and the problem is modelled as a three-dimensional turbulent incompressible single-phase flow. The computational domain consists of a heated cutting tool and work piece, and nanocoolants are sprayed from a nozzle located above the machining zone. The nanocoolants are prepared by mixing mineral oil with nanoparticles of Al2O3 (Aluminium Oxide), Al (Aluminium) and SWCNT (Single Walled Carbon Nanotube). The heat transfer performances of different nanocoolants are compared by varying the nanoparticle volume fraction (φ) and coolant velocity (Uc) in the range of 2% ≤ φ ≤ 8% and 1 m/s ≤ Uc ≤ 15 m/s, respectively. The results indicated a drastic drop in the cutting tool temperature with an increase in the volume fraction of dispersed nanoparticles and coolant velocity. The increase in volume fraction decreases the average cutting tool temperature by 25.65% and also enhances the average heat transfer rate by 25.43%. It is additionally observed that SWCNT nanocoolants exhibited a superior thermal performance and heat removal rate compared with Al and Al2O3 nanocoolants. The analysed numerical results are validated and are in good accordance with the benchmark results validated from literature.
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Obesity induces multifactorial effects such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and arterial hypertension that influence the progression of many diseases. Obesity is associated with an increased incidence of cancers, and multiple mechanisms link obesity with cancer initiation and progression. Macrophages participate in the homeostasis of adipose tissue and play an important role in cancer. Adipose tissue expansion in obesity alters the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages, which is a primary cause of inflammation. Chronic low-grade inflammation driven by macrophages is also an important characteristic of cancer. Adipocytes secrete various adipokines, including adiponectin, leptin, IL6, and TNFα, that influence macrophage behavior and tumor progression. Furthermore, other metabolic effects of obesity, such as hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypercholesterolemia, can also regulate macrophage functionality in cancer. This review summarizes how obesity influences macrophage-tumor cell interactions and the role of macrophages in the response to anticancer therapies under obese conditions.
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Insulin Resistance , Neoplasms , Humans , Obesity/pathology , Macrophages/metabolism , Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Inflammation/pathology , Neoplasms/pathologyABSTRACT
The study of phthalate migration in footwear is important from an environmental viewpoint and the consumer health perspective as it remains in direct contact with the user for a long time. In this research article, the migration of phthalate, specifically di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), from the poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) shoe sole to the attached leather insole has been studied for six months under different environmental conditions. After one month, the DEHP concentration in the PVC sole decreased by 45-58%, and that in the leather insole increased from 0.35 mg g-1 to 38-58 mg g-1. After six months, about 90% of the DEHP has been lost from the PVC sole, and that in the leather insole reached close to its initial value (value before the experiment). The migration rate depends on the environmental conditions and the presence of phthalate soluble solvents in the sole-adhesive-insole system of the footwear. The influence of DEHP migration on the physicochemical characteristics of the PVC sole and leather insole has been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The migration and emission pathways of DEHP, the influence of environmental conditions, and the possibility of human exposure to phthalate through footwear are discussed.
Subject(s)
Diethylhexyl Phthalate , Vinyl Chloride , Humans , Diethylhexyl Phthalate/toxicity , Diethylhexyl Phthalate/analysis , Plasticizers/analysis , Plasticizers/chemistry , Plasticizers/metabolism , Polyvinyl Chloride/chemistry , Vinyl Chloride/analysis , SolventsABSTRACT
IL-17-producing Th17 cells play an important role in pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Aberrant immune activation due to an imbalance between Th17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells is associated with the development of RA and other autoimmune diseases. Targeting pathogenic Th17 cells and their associated molecules is emerging as a promising strategy to treat and reverse RA. Here, we demonstrate that IL-3 inhibits the differentiation of Th17 cells and promotes the development of Treg cells in IL-2-dependent manner. In IL-2 KO mice, we observed that IL-3 has no effect on differentiation of both Th17 and Treg cells. In addition, IL-3 decreases pathogenic IL-17A+ TNF-α+ , IL-17A+ IFN-γ+ and IL-23R+ Th17 cells, secretion of GM-CSF and IFN-γ, and osteoclastogenesis when presented in the culture together with Th17 polarizing cytokines. Mechanistically, IL-3 regulates the development of Th17 cells through the inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation. IL-3 treatment significantly decreases the pathogenic Th17 cell responses and arthritic scores in the mouse model of RA. Importantly, IL-3 inhibits the differentiation of human Th17 cells. Thus, our results suggest a novel therapeutic role of IL-3 in the regulation of Th17 cell-mediated pathophysiology of RA.
Subject(s)
Arthritis, Rheumatoid , Cell Differentiation , Interleukin-3 , Th17 Cells , Animals , Humans , Mice , Interleukin-17/metabolism , Interleukin-2/metabolism , Interleukin-3/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology , Th17 Cells/cytologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Outcomes in patients with isolated traumatic brain injury (iTBI) have not been evaluated comprehensively in low-income and middle-income countries. We aimed to study the in-hospital iTBI mortality and its associated risk factors in a prospective multicenter Indian trauma registry. METHODS: Patients with iTBI (head and neck Abbreviated Injury Score ≥2 and other region Abbreviated Injury Score ≤2) were included. Study variables comprised age, gender, mechanism of injury, systolic blood pressure (SBP) at arrival, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score - classified as mild (13-15), moderate (9-12), and severe (3-8), transfer status, and time to presentation at any participating hospital. A multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the impact of these factors on 24-h and 30-d mortality following iTBI. RESULTS: Among 5042 included patients, 24-h and 30-d in-hospital mortalities were 5.9% and 22.4%. On a regression analysis, 30-d mortality was associated with age ≥45 y (odds ratio [OR] = 2.1 [1.6-2.7]), railway injury mechanisms (OR = 2.1 [1.3-3.5]), SBP <90 mmHg (OR = 2.6 [1.6-4.1]), and moderate (OR = 3.8 [3.0-5.0]) to severe (OR = 21.1 [16.8-26.7]) iTBI based on GCS scores. 24-h mortality showed similar trends. Patients transferred to the participating hospitals from other centers had higher odds of 30-d mortality (OR = 1.4 [1.2-1.8]) compared to those arriving directly. Those who received neurosurgical intervention had lower odds of 24-h mortality (0.3 [0.2-0.4]). CONCLUSIONS: Age ≥45 y, GCS score ≤12, and SBP <90 mmHg at arrival increased the risk of in-hospital mortality from iTBI.
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Brain Injuries, Traumatic , Glasgow Coma Scale , Hospital Mortality , Humans , Prospective Studies , Retrospective Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Background: A guideline to determine pediatric brain death was updated in 2011. It is unknown how pediatric intensivists have accepted and adopted the revised guideline into clinical practice. Methods: We surveyed US pediatric critical care attending physicians July 2013 to September 2013 and February 2020 to May 2020. Brain death testing practices and utilization of the 2011 pediatric and neonatal brain death guideline were assessed. Results: The 2020 respondents found that the revised pediatric brain death guideline were useful in clinical practice (93.7% vs 83.3%, P = .0484) and provided more consistency and clarity (73.2% vs 63.1%, P = .0462) when compared to 2013 respondents. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that with defined criteria, survey participants reported increased clarity and consistency. Findings from our study indicate that in clinical practice there is no significant deviation from the minimum requirements to determine brain death in children as outlined in the 2011 guideline.
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Brain Death , Brain , Brain Death/diagnosis , Child , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Hepatitis B virus has infected a third of the world's population, and 296 million people are living with chronic infection. Chronic infection leads to progressive liver disease, including hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure, and there remains no reliable curative therapy. These gaps in our understanding are due, in large part, to a paucity of animal models of HBV infection. Here, we show that rhesus macaques regularly clear acute HBV infection, similar to adult humans, but can develop long-term infection if immunosuppressed. Similar to patients, we longitudinally detected HBV DNA, HBV surface antigen, and HBV e antigen in the serum of experimentally infected animals. In addition, we discovered hallmarks of HBV infection in the liver, including RNA transcription, HBV core and HBV surface antigen translation, and covalently closed circular DNA biogenesis. This pre-clinical animal model will serve to accelerate emerging HBV curative therapies into the clinic.
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Hepatitis B, Chronic , Hepatitis B , Liver Neoplasms , Animals , Antigens, Surface , Hepatitis B virus/genetics , Humans , Macaca mulattaABSTRACT
Mobile robots are deployed in the built environment at increasing rates. However, lack of considerations for a robot-inclusive planning has led to physical spaces that would potentially pose hazards to robots, and contribute to an overall productivity decline for mobile service robots. This research proposes the use of an adapted Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) as a structured tool to evaluate a building's level of robot-inclusivity and safety for service robot deployments. This Robot-Inclusive FMEA (RIFMEA) framework, is used to identify failures in the built environment that compromise the workflow of service robots, assess their effects and causes, and provide recommended actions to alleviate these problems. The method was supported with a case study of deploying telepresence robots in a university campus. The study concluded that common failures were related to poor furniture design, a lack of clearance and hazard indicators, and sub-optimal interior planning.
Subject(s)
Robotics , Built Environment , HumansABSTRACT
The need for fresh water limits the application and scale-up of hydrothermal technologies to convert waste biomass to energy and chemicals. In an effort to demonstrate the use of wastewater for sustainable process development, this work is focused on hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) (350 °C, 18 MPa, 30 min) and carbonization (HTC) (200 °C, 7 MPa, 4 h) of rice straw with water from various sources (milli-Q water, tap water, seawater, recycled wastewater and industrial wastewater). The bio-crude yield from HTL was maximum (36.4 wt%) with industrial wastewater, while the yield of hydrochar from HTC was maximum (74.5 wt%) with seawater. The ions like K+, PO43- and NH4+ accumulated in the aqueous phase from rice straw. The hydrochars from HTL experiments contained significantly higher amount of ash compared to that from HTC experiments. Cyclopentenones and phenols were the major constituents of the bio-crude, whose HHV was 26.3 MJ/kg using seawater.