ABSTRACT
Context: Throughout that process of menopause, a slew of health and fitness problems arise, all of which have a major effect on a woman's standard of living. Health-related physical fitness has been described as an individual's cardiac fitness (aerobic capacity), musculoskeletal fitness, and body composition. Aim: To investigate and compare the health and fitness of postmenopausal women in rural and urban Gurugram. Settings and Design: The postmenopausal women of Gurugram, both urban (n = 175) and rural (n = 175), who attended the outpatient department of SGT Hospital in the urban area and a house-to-house survey in the rural area, were the subjects of a cross-sectional survey that was carried out using interviews and a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Levels of physical activity (PA) were assessed using the International PA Questionnaire (short form). The evaluation of body composition, which was the following step, included determining one's body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio. Six-minute Walk Distance Test was used to assess cardiopulmonary fitness. Through chair squat tests, sit-and-reach tests, and grip tests, researchers were able to measure the lower limb strength, flexibility, and upper limb strength of participants. Results: The mean age of subjects was 53.61 ± 5.08 years. Most commonly reported health problems were hypertension (31.3%), hyperlipidemia (21.2%), and diabetes (13.4%). Odds of urban women developing hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and myocardial infarction (MI) were found to be 0.61, 0.42, and 0.96 times higher than rural women. There was a statistically significant difference for the squat test, grip test, body composition parameters, and aerobic capacity; however, no statistically significant difference was seen for sit-and-reach test (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The current research shows that postmenopausal women living in metropolitan areas may face higher health risks since they are more prone to develop hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and MI. Furthermore, all fitness metrics - aside from flexibility - were higher for rural women. The results of the current study highlight the urgent need for health promotion initiatives to enhance the health and fitness of urban postmenopausal women.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Neonatal death remains a global challenge contributing to 45% of underfive deaths. With rising institutional delivery, to accelerate decline in neonatal mortality rate (NMR) improvement in the quality of perinatal care requires attention. OBJECTIVES: This implementation research targeted improving service delivery readiness for quality of newborn care at public health facilities in three districts of Uttar Pradesh, India, with high NMR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This before-after study assessed the facility readiness and quality of newborn services at 42 health facilities. The changes in 26 signal functions for routine and emergency obstetric and newborn care were tracked. RESULTS: There was marked improvement in newborn service availability: skilled birth attendants (51%), resuscitation (30%), and kangaroo mother care (27%) at these facilities. A multifold rise in newborn resuscitation efforts and documentation (n = 4431 vs. n = 144 in preintervention period) with high success rate (98.6%) was observed. There was also improvement in obstetric care services including partograph use (31%) and active management of third stage of labor (46%). However, several infrastructural indicators (electricity, water supply, toilets, and sanitation) remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: Overall improvements were observed in the majority of the signal functions for perinatal care and newborn resuscitation efforts. There was a limited impact on the infrastructural and supervision components.
