Bad bosses and despotism at workplace: A systematic review of the despotic leadership literature.

Over the years, the concept of despotic leadership (DL) has emerged as a hot topic in academic and professional debates on leadership. To this end, this study aims to synthesize existing literature on despotic leadership in business management scholarship. We utilize a systematic literature review technique to systematically identify, select, and evaluate existing scholarly publications on despotic leadership to highlight emerging topics, theories, and the consequences of despotic leadership at the workplace. In addition, we also provide a set of specific research questions for advancements of DL in management and leadership research as well as to clarify its conceptual and operationalization ambiguities. The findings of this review are categorized as follows, i) theory and conceptualization of DL, ii) state-of-the-art research profiling, iii) key thematic areas, and iv) future agenda. The key implications of this review for theory and practice are discussed.

Impact of corporate social responsibility on sustainable competitive advantages: The mediating role of corporate reputation.

This study investigates the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainable competitive advantage (SCA). Moreover, building on the stakeholder theory, this study investigates the mediating effects of corporate reputation (CR) between the relationship of corporate social responsibility and sustainable competitive advantage. We used a questionnaire survey to collect data from the employees working in the construction industry of Pakistan. Using the sample of 239 respondents, a structural equation modeling technique was used to verify the hypothesis relationship. The findings indicated that CSR directly and positively influences sustainable competitive advantages. Moreover, corporate reputation positively mediates the connection between corporate social responsibility and sustainable competitive advantage. This research fills knowledge gaps and highlights the significance of CSR in fostering sustainable competitive advantages within the construction industry.

Investigating the nexus between information technology capabilities, knowledge management, and green product innovation: evidence from SME industry.

The aim of this study to investigate the relationship between information technology capabilities (ITCs) and green product innovation (GPI). The information technology (IT) capabilities with multiple dimensions, such as IT competence, IT integration, and IT infrastructure, were used in this paper. Moreover, to verify the deep relationship between ITCs and GPI, we used knowledge management (KM) as a mediator. The data were collected through a questionnaire from the senior managers, middle-level managers, and operational staff associated with the small- and medium-sized production industry of Pakistan. We collect data in two waves between January 2022 and July 2022. The data were analyzed through the partial least square structural equation modeling through SmartPLS 3.2.2. The findings of this study conclude. First, in the direct relationship, two IT capabilities, such as IT competence and IT infrastructure, have a positive and significant direct relationship with green product innovation, but IT integration has an insignificant relationship with green product innovation. Second, the results show that three IT capabilities have positively influenced knowledge management. Third, the results confirm that KM has a significant positive effect on GPI. Finally, the outcomes confirmed that knowledge management positively and significantly mediates between all IT capabilities and GPI in the indirect relationship.

Cost of Treatment and Care for People with Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta- Analysis.

There is now a general attempt in developed countries to implement strategic plans to fight against Alzheimer's disease, for which treatment represents an increasing economic burden for the ageing society. At present, the costs of treatment and care for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients are not consistently tracked and logged, therefore, the economic burden is calculated based on the records kept by individual countries. The aim of this paper is to conduct a meta-analysis of the available data on the total costs of treatment and care for elderly AD patients with respect to the stage of the disease determined by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). The Web of Science and PubMed databases were used for a systematic search. Two independent reviewers screened the identified records and selected relevant articles published in the period from 2007 to 2017. A meta-analysis of costs is performed in three categories related to the stages of Alzheimer's disease (mild, moderate, and severe). The resulting estimation of total costs per patient per year determined by the meta-analysis is 20,461$ total costs. The total costs in relation to the stage of the disease according to the MMSE scale are 14,675 $ for the mild stage, 19,975 $ for the moderate stage, and 29,708 $ for the severe stage. The meta- analysis confirms that the costs rise significantly with the severity of AD. These findings therefore, emphasize the severity of the economic burden carried out by the AD patients, their families, and the healthcare system, and this fact must be taken into account when planning health policy strategies for the years to come.

Socio-economic Aspects of Alzheimer's Disease.

Social development, better living conditions and medical advances lead to the fact that more people have the opportunity to live longer than in the past. The aging population is a characteristic feature of demographic trends in developed countries. This trend is closely linked with the issue of increasing number of diseases in old age and increasing government expenditure on health and social care. The most frequently mentioned diseases in old age include dementia. The cause may lie in all kinds of diseases, the most common are Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease. Now the care of current 35 million patients with dementia costs over $ 600 billion per year, it is approximately one percent of global Gross Domestic Product. This review discusses the recent issues and questions in the area of social and economic aspects of Alzheimer's disease. It focuses in detail on the national strategies in the approach to Alzheimer's disease, the anticipated problems concerning the insufficient number of social workers and necessary expenses of state budgets in the future. The situation in the area of health insurance companies' expenditures is illustrated in the context of the analysis of long-term care systems, in the chosen countries within the European Union.

Alzheimer's disease and its treatment costs: case study in the Czech Republic.

This paper deals with the analysis of the costs, applied, for example, when treating specific diseases - an important aid in prioritizing the process of resource allocation. In our review, the specific disease is dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease. This paper aims to provide more information on the partial costs per patient that are calculated according to the aggregated data from publicly available sources as well as from the results of authors' own investigation. The University Hospital in Hradec Králové and the General Health Insurance Company of the Czech Republic participated in this research. The elementary research objective was to compare the costs per patient diagnosed early onset, to those of the patient diagnosed later. The Czech Republic lacks information regarding dementia. Therefore, these issues require attention. The methods used in this paper included time series analyses, methods of direct questioning, interviews with experts, and analyses of medical documentation. These methods were combined to exploit their particular advantages and to ensure the issues discussed, were covered. The investigation showed that the underpinning of patients with Alzheimer's disease at early onset is advantageous from an economic perspective, because the cost of outpatient care is much lower compared with that of inpatient care. The international comparisons of the volume of care provided should be approached with great caution. These are based solely on the facts of various expert estimates and are not usually supported by hard data. Yet, they still illustrate the overall view of our ability to take care of people with dementia. According to experts, care in the Czech Republic significantly lags behind the rest of developed Europe. While services are provided to 26% of people with dementia in Germany and 50% in France, the experts estimate that services are provided to only 10% of the population in the Czech Republic. If we were to offer a similar volume of services in the Czech Republic, to the same extent as the average in Europe, we would have to triple the existing capacities.

Drugs and Health Care Expenditure on the Aging Population.

The aim of this article is to identify the main factors that affect future trends in healthcare expenditures from the perspective of the anticipated ageing of the population. Attention shall be focused on the elderly demography, the inhabitants' pensions and their expenditures on drugs. The article also shows the results of acase study concerning the use of particular types of drugs by elderly people in the Czech Republic and in European union. For the purpose of this article, Iemployed aliterature search method that uses available sources describing the determinants of public healthcare expenditure and the use of selected types of drugs by the ageing population. The current situation in EU Member Countries is addressed through an analysis of public expenditure using data from public databases, such as Eurostat or OECD. The types of drugs designed for the ageing population are focused on the Czech Republic. It follows from the executed analysis that the basic determinants of public healthcare expenditure are the demographic structure, income, the legislative conditions and productivity. The aim of effective public health care spending should not only be to achieve ahigher age, but also to enable the inhabitants to prolong the period of their work productivity and self-sufficiency. Aging population defines market opportunities open to companies from various sectors.