Rapid and label-free A2 peptide epitope decorated CoFe2O4-C60 nanocomposite-based electrochemical immunosensor for detecting Visceral Leishmaniasis.

Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis is challenging due to the shared clinical features with malaria, typhoid, and tuberculosis. A CoFe2O4-C60 nanocomposite-based immunosensor decorated with a sensitive A2 peptide antigen was fabricated to detect anti-A2 antibodies for application in visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis. The flame-synthesised nanocomposite was characterised using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. N terminated specific A2 peptide epitope antigen (NH2-QSVGPLSVGP-OH) was synthesised and characterised by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). Using EDC/NHS, A2 peptide antigen (Apg) was immobilised on the CoFe2O4-C60-modified electrode. The performance of the immunosensor, Apg-CoFe2O4-C60NP/GCE, was evaluated by testing its ability to detect varying concentrations of anti-A2 antibody solution in PBS and spiked serum with 1 mM [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- in 0.01 M PBS (pH 7.4) as supporting electrolyte. using differential pulse voltammetry. The immunosensor showed excellent reproducibility and a linear range of 10-10-10-1 µg/mL, with an experimental detection limit of 30.34 fg/mL. These results suggest that the fabricated sensor has great potential as a tool for diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis.

Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Olefination of Imidazo[1,2a] pyridine Carboxamide in Aqueous Ethanol under Oxygen.

The advancement of sustainable chemistry and changes in the economy are strongly intertwined. Reaction time, cost savings, moderate temperatures, and generation of the fewest byproducts are frequently achieved by using catalytic processes. Herein, we report the C-H olefination of imidazo[1,2a] pyridine carboxamides with various acrylates in the presence of Pd (OAc)2 with O2 as the oxidant in aqueous ethanol rather than using non-ecofriendly solvents. The C-H activation features most user-friendly reaction conditions, excellent yield as well as plenty substrate scope and applicable for C-H deuteriation of the corresponding heteroarenes with D2O. Experimental mechanistic studies indicate that C-H activation step succeeded after formation of tetra coordinated square planer Pd-substrate adduct.

Palladium-Catalyzed Regiodivergent C-H Olefination of Imidazo[1,2a]pyridine Carboxamide and Unactivated Alkenes.

Despite remarkable successes in linear and branched vinyl (hetero) arene synthesis, regiodivergent C-H olefination with a single catalytic system has remained underdeveloped. Overcoming this limitation, a Pd/MPAA-catalyzed regiodivergent C-H olefination of imidazo[1,2a] pyridine carboxamides with unactivated terminal alkenes to generate branched and linear olefinated products depending upon the electronic nature of alkenes is reported herein. Moreover, this protocol can be applied for C-H deuteriation of the corresponding heteroarenes with D2 O as deuterium source. Preliminary experimental studies combined with computational investigations (DFT studies) suggest that regiodivergent olefination can be controlled by olefin insertion and ß-hydride elimination steps.

A concise review on marine bromopyrrole alkaloids as anticancer agents.

Natural products have been the most important sources of chemically diverse raw materials that have inspired pharmaceutical discoveries over the past few decades. Many pharmaceutical companies are utilizing plant extracts to develop relatively crude therapeutic formulations. The interesting chemicals identified as natural products are derived from the phenomenon of biodiversity, where the interactions between the organisms and their environment formulate the diverse and complex chemical entities within them that enhance their survival and competitiveness. Marine sponges are rich sources of natural products and have provided an infinite supply of bioactive metabolites. Bromopyrrole alkaloids are a good example of marine metabolites, have a broad range of biological activity, and represent a fascinating example of chemical diversity of secondary metabolites elaborated by marine invertebrates. The isolation and synthesis of this structural class have been investigated, resulting in a series of bromopyrrole alkaloids with potential lead hits. This review presents the detailed isolation and anticancer activity of marine bromopyrrole alkaloids, and will be of interest to the wider research community both in academic and industrial settings.

O-Benzoylhydroxylamines: A Versatile Electrophilic Aminating Reagent for Transition Metal-Catalyzed C-N Bond-Forming Reactions.

Owing to the prevalence of nitrogen-containing compounds in natural products and important pharmaceutical agents, chemists, have actively searched for the development of efficient and selective methodologies allowing for the facile construction of carbon-nitrogen bonds. Over the last decade, transition metal-catalyzed C-N bond construction via electrophilic amination reaction has emerged as an attractive approach for the synthesis of various organic molecules and pharmaceuticals. Particularly, O-benzoylhydroxylamines as an electrophilic aminating agent have proven to be the best and most widely used in both academic and industrial research. In this review, we highlight the key contributions to the recent transition metal-catalyzed C-N bond formation reactions using O-benzoylhydroxylamines as an aminating agent and their relevant mechanistic insights.

Cu-catalysed transamidation of unactivated aliphatic amides.

Direct transamidation is gaining prominence as a ground-breaking technique that generates a wide variety of amides without the requirement of acid-amine coupling or other intermediate steps. However, transamidation of unactivated aliphatic amides, on the other hand, has been a long-standing issue in comparison to transamidation of activated amides. Herein, we report a transamidation approach of an unactivated aliphatic amide using a copper catalyst and chlorotrimethylsilane as an additive. In addition, we used transamidation as a tool for selective N-C(O) cleavage and O-C(O) formation to synthesise 2-substituted benzoxazoles and benzothiazoles. The reactions were carried out without using any solvents and offered wide substitution scope.

Analysis of Risk Factors Associated with Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Indian Population.

BACKGROUND: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) describes the carcinomatous growth in the oral cavity. Recently, various authors have described increased SCC incidence in the young population. The distribution of SCC shows varied geographic spread, with the highest distribution in Asian countries. AIMS: The present trial was carried out to assess the associated factors that could lead to increased risk of developing oral cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Oral examination was carried out for 21 participants by a dentist and any significant oral lesion or deleterious habit if present, was recorded. The data collected were analyzed. RESULTS: Areca nut was chewed by 47.61% participants (n = 10), smoking tobacco by 76.19% (n = 16), chewing tobacco by 38.09% (n = 8), and consuming alcohol in 9 participants (42.85%). No significant difference was seen concerning age for any factor except alcohol which showed higher intake in the older group where six participants depicted alcohol intake as compared to three participants in the younger group. In participants who chewed areca nuts, 6 participants also smoked tobacco and 1 consumed alcohol. For tobacco chewing, 5 consumed alcohol and 6 also took tobacco as smoke. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that areca nut and tobacco chewing along with alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking increase the risk of developing SCC in the Indian population.