Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers and Mortality Among COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are known to increase the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor, which has been shown to be the receptor for the acute severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). AREAS OF UNCERTAINTY: Based on these observations, speculations raised the concerns that ACEIs/ARBs users would be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and would be at higher risk for severe COVID-19 disease and death. Therefore, we systematically reviewed the literature and performed a meta-analysis of the association between prior use of ACEIs and ARBs and mortality due to COVID-19 disease. DATA SOURCES: A comprehensive search of several databases from November 2019 to June 18, 2020 was conducted. The databases included Ovid MEDLINE(R) and Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations and Daily, Ovid Embase, Ovid Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Web of Science, and Scopus. Medrxiv.org was also searched for unpublished data. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES: Nine studies with a total of 18,833 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 met our eligibility criteria. Prior use of ACEIs and/or ARBs was associated with reduced mortality among SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, with a pooled adjusted relative risk (aRR) from 6 studies of 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.42-0.94) (I 2 = 65%). Three studies reported separately on ACEIs or ARBs and their association with survival among SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, with a pooled adjusted relative risk of 0.78, 95% CI (0.58-1.04) (I 2 = 0%) and 0.97, 95% CI (0.73-1.30) (I 2 = 0%) respectively. The results of sensitivity analyses were consistent with the main analysis. CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis suggests that use of ACEIs/ARBs is associated with a decreased risk of death among SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. This finding provides a reassurance to the public not to stop prescribed ACEIs/ARBs because of fear of severe COVID-19.

Gender differences, outcomes and trends among nonagenarian with atrial fibrillation: insight from National Inpatient Sample database.

BACKGROUND: Nonagenarians (NG), individuals aged ≥ 90 years, constitute an increasing proportion of hospitalizations presenting with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, not much is known about demographics, clinical outcomes, and trends of hospitalizations. Therefore, we analyzed data about hospitalizations and clinical outcomes among NGs with AF over ten years from 2005 to 2014 using a publically available database, the National Inpatient Sample. METHODS: All hospitalizations and major outcomes of subjects ≥ 90 years with a primary diagnosis of AF (ICD-9-CM code 427.31) over a ten-year period were assessed in this study by multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: There were more females than males (176,268 females, 51,384 males) in this analysis. The number of hospitalizations for AF among NG increased by 50% (17,295 in 2005 to 25,830 in 2014). Males were more likely to undergo cardioversion (6.14% of males vs. 5.06% of females, P < 0.0001). Over this period, in-hospital mortality declined from 3.21% in 2005 to 2.38% in 2014 ( P = 0.0041), with higher in-hospital mortality in males (3.23% in males vs. 2.76% in females, P = 0.0138), mean length of hospitalization decreased from 4.53 days to 4.13 days (P < 0.0001), the prevalence of congestive heart failure fell from 0.48% to 0.23% ( P = 0.0257), and the use of anticoagulation increased from 6.09% to 14.54% (P < 0.0001). In a multivariate analysis, hospital admission on the weekend, Elixhauser comorbidity index, CHA 2DS2VASc score, acute respiratory failure, and the length of hospital stay were associated with a higher risk of in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: From 2005 to 2014, AF-related hospitalizations among NGs increased, more so in in females population, mortality trends improved, rates of anticoagulation increased, and cardioversions increased. Despite the decreasing trend of in-hospital mortality since 2005, the relatively high mortality rate in males warrants further studies.

Trends in utilization, mortality, major complications, and cost after total artificial heart implantation in the United States (2009-2015).

OBJECTIVE: Total artificial heart (TAH) is a viable bridge to transplant (BTT) strategy for patients with severe biventricular failure or complex congenital heart disease. These patients have higher mortality and morbidity than patients undergoing left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. To assess national trends in in-hospital mortality, major complications, cost, length of stay, and disposition of patients undergoing TAH implantation. METHODS: Data from the National Inpatient Sample, the largest all-payer inpatient data set in the United States, and the US Census Bureau, for the years 2009 to 2015 were analyzed. Participants included all adult patients who received TAH from 2009 to 2015. Endpoints included in-hospital mortality, in-hospital complications, heart transplantation (HT) in the same admission, length of stay, cost, and disposition at the time of discharge. RESULTS: We identified a total of 143 (weighted = 703) TAH implantations. The number of TAH implants increased during the study period (average annual change +5.8%, p = 0.03). Rates of in-hospital mortality and major complications including ischemic stroke, major bleeding, postoperative infections, acute kidney injury requiring dialysis, and HT did not change significantly over the study period. Although the length of stay and disposition patterns did not change over time, we found a significant increase in cost of hospitalization (average annual change +44,362, p = 0.01). The number of HT during the same hospital stay decreased significantly (average annual change -8.1%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: In-hospital mortality and complication rates associated with TAH implantation remain increased and did not change in the era of continuous flow LVADs.

Using Electronic Clinical Quality Measures (eCQMs) to Perform a Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis Rapid Cycle Quality Improvement Initiative.

BACKGROUND: At one institution, a clinical decision support (CDS) alert for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis burdened providers but was considered vital to patient safety. Electronic clinical quality measures (eCQMs) incentivized the translation of quality measures into data elements within the electronic health record (EHR) and facilitated hospitalwide performance monitoring during CDS improvement. The aim was to reduce VTE alerts by 50% without compromising eCQM performance. METHODS: This quality improvement initiative was performed at a tertiary care academic medical center using an integrated EHR. Alert firings were revised in three rounds over a four-week transition period while monitoring VTE eCQM performance weekly. Postimplementation data were recorded for 12 weeks. Primary outcomes were VTE alerts per 100 admissions and VTE eCQM performance. Secondary outcomes were alert effectiveness (desired responses/patients), alert efficiency (desired responses/alerts), and dwell time (time between alert firing and provider addressing the alert). RESULTS: Alerts decreased from 157 to 74 per 100 admissions, a 52.9% reduction (p < 0.001). There was no change in eCQM compliance or the percentage of inpatients excluded from the VTE eCQM. Provider dwell time across the hospital dropped between 2.9 and 7.2 hours per day. After the interventions, alert effectiveness increased (66.1% to 73.3%; p < 0.001), but alert efficiency decreased (17.5% to 16.2%; p = 0.007) due to an increase in providers delaying definitive responses. CONCLUSION: Altering VTE alert criteria did not affect compliance with providing VTE prophylaxis to patients while reducing alert burden by more than 50%. Using preexisting quality data like eCQMs can facilitate near-time patient safety monitoring during quality improvement projects.

Temporal trends and factors associated with increased mortality among atrial fibrillation weekend hospitalizations: an insight from National Inpatient Sample 2005-2014.

OBJECTIVE: Atrial fibrillation (AF) weekend hospitalizations were reported to have poor outcomes compared to weekday hospitalizations. The relatively poor outcomes on the weekends are usually referred to as 'weekend effect'. We aim to understand trends and outcomes among weekend AF hospitalizations. The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the trends for weekend AF hospitalizations using Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2005-2014. Hospitalizations with AF as the primary diagnosis, in-hospital mortality, length of stay, co-morbidities and cardioversion procedures have been identified using the international classification of diseases 9 codes. RESULTS: Since 2005, the weekend AF hospitalizations increased by 27% (72,216 in 2005 to 92,220 in 2014), mortality decreased by 29% (1.32% in 2005 to 0.94% in 2014), increase in urban teaching hospitalizations by 72% (33.32% in 2005 to 57.64% in 2014), twofold increase in depression and a threefold increase in the prevalence of renal failure were noted over the period of 10 years. After adjusting for significant covariates, weekend hospitalizations were observed to have higher odds of in-hospital mortality OR 1.17 (95% CI 1.108-1.235, P < 0.0001). Weekend AF hospitalizations appear to be associated with higher in-hospital mortality. Opportunities to improve care in weekend AF hospitalizations need to be explored.

Procedural Outcomes of Patients With Heart Failure Undergoing Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Catheter ablation is being increasingly performed for rhythm control of atrial fibrillation (AF). Heart failure (HF) frequently coexists with AF because they share common risk factors. STUDY QUESTION: This study aims at identifying the characteristics and procedural outcomes of patients with HF undergoing catheter ablation of AF. STUDY DESIGN: In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed 264 consecutive patients who underwent catheter ablation for AF. Seventy-three patients (28%) had a known history of stage C HF either with reduced ejection fraction or preserved ejection fraction. MEASURES AND OUTCOMES: We compared procedural outcomes between patients who had known HF with those who did not. RESULTS: Patients with HF were more likely to have higher rates of atrial fibrillation recurrence at both 3 months (odds ratio 2.9, confidence interval = 1.5-5.7, P = 0.0022) and 1 year after the procedure (odds ratio 2.3, confidence interval 1.2-4.3, P = 0.0097) and risk factors for recurrence of AF including left atrial enlargement, persistent AF, and a higher CHA2DS2-VASc score. However, on logistic regression analysis adjusting for left atrial size, atrial fibrillation type (persistent vs. paroxysmal), and CHA2DS2-VASc score as covariates, there was no significant difference in AF recurrence rates at both 3 months and 1 year. Recurrence rates did not differ significantly between patients with HF either with reduced ejection fraction or preserved ejection fraction. Among patients with paroxysmal AF, HF was predictive of AF recurrence at both 3 months and 1 year after ablation. The procedure length was longer in patients with HF, but there were no differences in periprocedural complications. CONCLUSION: Patients with HF undergoing catheter ablation of AF tend to have more risk factors for recurrence, but after adjustment for risk factors, the recurrence rates were similar at 3 months and 1 year. Among patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, HF was predictive of higher recurrence rates.

Comparison of Radial Artery Occlusion Following Transradial Access for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Using Sheath-based versus Sheathless Technique.

We compared the risk of radial artery occlusion (RAO) in patients undergoing coronary intervention with introducer sheath (SG) or without introducer sheath (SLG). 1251 consecutive patients, from 2 tertiary care center in Pennsylvania, USA, undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) between 2008-2013 formed the study cohort (SLG: 161 patients, SG: 1090 patients). Radial artery patency was assessed using plethysmography. The association between sheath use and RAO was assessed using unadjusted, adjusted and propensity macthed logistic regression analyses. Mean age: 65 years, men: 63%, diabetics: 37%. SG was associated with lower RAO at band removal [unadjusted (OR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.21-0.46), adjusted (OR: 0.10, 95% CI: 0.05-0.20) and propensity matched (OR: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.13-0.32)], at 24 hours [unadjusted (OR: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.12-0.34), adjusted (OR: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.06-0.24) and propensity matched (OR: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.07-0.25)] and 30 days [unadjusted (OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.14-0.54), adjusted (OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.10-0.50) and propensity matched (OR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.10-0.40)], compared to SLG. Sheath use during radial access for PCI is associated with less RAO. It is unclear if use of introducer sheath during radial access for PCI reduces incidence of RAO. In this prospective cohort study involving 1251 concecutive patients undergoing PCI via radial access between 2008-2013, we assessed the difference in incidence of RAO between the SG (n = 1090) and the SLG (n = 161 patients) groups. SG group experienced lower incidence of RAO at band removal, 24 hours and 30 days post PCI in the unadjusted, adjusted, and propensity matched analyses compared to the SLG group. In conclusion sheath use during radial access for PCI is associated with less RAO.

Migraine and the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events: a meta-analysis of 16 cohort studies including 1 152 407 subjects.

OBJECTIVES: To perform an updated meta-analysis to evaluate the long-term cardiovascular and cerebrovascular outcomes among migraineurs. SETTING: A meta-analysis of cohort studies performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. DATA SOURCES: The MEDLINE, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched for relevant articles. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 16 cohort studies (18 study records) with 394 942 migraineurs and 757 465 non-migraineurs were analysed. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), stroke (ie, ischaemic, haemorrhagic or non-specified), myocardial infarction (MI) and all-cause mortality. The outcomes were reported at the longest available follow-up. DATA ANALYSIS: Summary-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were calculated by random-effects Der-Simonian and Liard model. The risk of bias was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS: Migraine was associated with a higher risk of MACCE (adjusted HR 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26 to 1.60, P<0.001, I2=40%) driven by a higher risk of stroke (adjusted HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.61, P<0.001, I2=72%) and MI (adjusted HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.43, P=0.006, I2=59%). There was no difference in the risk of all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.10, P=0.38, I2=91%), with a considerable degree of statistical heterogeneity between the studies. The presence of aura was an effect modifier for stroke (adjusted HR aura 1.56, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.87 vs adjusted HR no aura 1.11, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.31, P interaction=0.01) and all-cause mortality (adjusted HR aura 1.20, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.30 vs adjusted HR no aura 0.96, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.07, Pinteraction<0.001). CONCLUSION: Migraine headache was associated with an increased long-term risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. This effect was due to an increased risk of stroke (both ischaemic and haemorrhagic) and MI. There was a moderate to severe degree of heterogeneity for the outcomes, which was partly explained by the presence of aura. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42016052460.

Gender Differences in the Trends of Hospitalizations for Acute Stroke Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation in the United States: 2005 to 2014.

Female gender was included in stroke prediction algorithms in an attempt to improve anticoagulation rates in women with atrial fibrillation (AF). It is unclear if these efforts reduced stroke burden in women with AF. To bridge this literature gap, using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, we assessed gender differences in the trends of hospitalizations for stroke among patients with AF in the United States in 2005 to 2014. International classification of diseases, 9th revision, clinical modification codes were used to abstract AF and stroke diagnoses. From 2005 to 2014, 18,413,291 hospitalizations of women with AF and 18,035,866 hospitalizations of men with AF were reported. Of these, 740,635 hospitalizations in women and 595,730 hospitalizations in men had stroke as the primary diagnosis. Age-adjusted stroke hospitalizations increased in women (443 per million in 2005 to 495 per million in 2014) as well as in men (351 per million in 2005 to 453 per million in 2014) (p trend < 0.001). Further, anticoagulation rates increased in women (11.5% in 2005 to 24.0% in 2014) as well as in men (11.7% in 2005 to 24.9% in 2014). Stroke hospitalizations involving anticoagulated patients with AF decreased in women (411 per million in 2005 to 347 per million in 2014) as well as in men (402 per million in 2005 to 311 per million in 2014) (p trend < 0.001). In conclusion, although we noted an increasing trend of stroke hospitalizations in both genders, it is reassuring to note that stroke hospitalizations involving anticoagulated patients with AF is decreasing in both genders and in particular among women.