Markers of inflammation and atherosclerosis in Egyptian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular events are markedly increased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the mechanism of atherogenesis remains poorly understood. Low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction play pivotal roles in the initiation, progression and propagation of the atherosclerotic process. Several methods have been employed to assess endothelial function, among them the measurement of biomarkers of endothelial activation and dysfunction (intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1). Since then, it has been reported that such biomarkers play a more important role than traditional risk factors in cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: To measure (tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6 and ICAM-1) levels as markers of inflammation and atherosclerosis in 40 Egyptian patients with SLE with various degrees of activity in comparison with 20 healthy volunteers, and to investigate their relationship to disease activity and hypertension. METHODS: Sixty subject (40 with SLE and 20 healthy controls) were the subject of this study, their clinical disease activity was scored according to the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), and serum sampling was obtained for TNF-alpha, IL-6 and ICAM-1 level assay. Renal biopsy was carried out and examined by light microscopy. The mean level of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and ICAM-1 were significantly higher in SLE patients with active disease (766.95 +/- 357.82 Pg/mL, 135.4 +/- 54.23 Pg/mL, 826.05 +/- 367.1 Pg/mL) when compared with those with inactive disease (314.01 +/- 100.87 Pg/mL, 47.33 +/- 18.61 pg/mL, 441.33 +/- 225.19 Pg/mL) and healthy control volunteers (172.7 +/- 39.19 Pg/mL, 21.15 +/- 10.99 Pg/mL, 111.5 +/- 17.36 Pg/mL), respectively. Furthermore, these levels were significantly higher in hypertensive (614.08 +/- 333.05 Pg/mL, 107.86 +/- 54.96 Pg/mL and 862.13 +/- 333.29 Pg/mL) compared to normotensive patients (267.5 +/- 112.72 Pg/mL, P = 0.008, 35.75 +/- 20.26 Pg/mL, P = 0.02I, and 337.25 +/- 235.62 Pg/mL, P = 0.02) for TNF-alpha, IL-6 and ICAM, respectively. There were no statistically significant difference regarding age, sex, smoking, cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels between hypertensive and normotensive patients. CONCLUSION: A high concentration of soluble ICAM-1 in Egyptian patients with SLE and nephritis is reported here for the first time. Our finding of increased concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and ICAM-1 in Egyptian patients with SLE and lupus nephritis underlines the importance of inflammation and endothelial involvement in this disorder, but their predictive value in the disease monitoring needs to be further studied.

Correlation between levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 and hematological involvement in SLE Egyptian patients with lupus nephritis.

BACKGROUND: Systemic lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a rheumatic autoimmune disease characterized by multisystem organ involvement and by high titers of auto antibodies against several nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens. Numerous abnormalities of the cytokine network have been described in patients suffering from SLE. However the role of cytokines in different organ involvement is not yet well defined. OBJECTIVE: To determine if levels of Interlukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) correlate with SLE disease activity in Egyptian SLE patients and more specifically with hematological involvement. METHODS: Levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in serum samples from sixty individuals (40 with Systemic lupus Erythmatosus and 20 healthy controls) were determined and renal biopsies were obtained from SLE patients. RESULTS: Levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were higher in SLE patients with active compared with inactive hematological disease. Further analysis showed that this association was dependent on inverse correlation (P=0.017, r=-0.49) for IL-6 and (P=0.76, r=-.243) for TNF-alpha. The mean level of TNF-alpha and Il-6 was (766.95+/-357.82 pg/ml) and (135.4+/-54.23 pg/ml) respectively for patients with active disease while it was (314.01+/-100.87 pg/ml) and (47.33+/-18.61 pg/ml) for those with inactive disease and (172.7+/-39.19 pg/ml) and (21.15+/-10.99 pg/ml) for the healthy control group respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P=0.002). We found significant positive correlations between TNF-alpha and IL-6 and the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score. (r=+0.743 and +0.772 respectively). CONCLUSION: Raised level of Il-6 and TNF-alpha may influence the development of anemia in Egyptian patients with Lupus Nephritis.