ABSTRACT
Background and objectives: Obesity has become a global health issue, more precisely, a pandemic throughout the present world due to its high prevalence in the recent era. Increased risk of morbidity and mortality in obese patients can be attributed to its association with the development of different life-threatening conditions. Plants are considered one of the most important sources of bioactive molecules which are used against a wide range of health disorders. This systematic review explores the efficacy as well as the safety profile of commonly used medicinal plants in the management of obesity that may help people to maintain a healthy weight. Methods: This review is based on comprehensive literature searches from PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases using the keywords- "plants in obesity", "plants used in weight reduction" or keywords that are similar to those. Medicinal plants which have been clinically proven for their anti-obesity effect have only been selected for this study and attempts to investigate beneficial effects and adverse effects along with their mechanism of action have also been taken in this review. Results: A significant reduction of weight in both human and other animals are exhibited by the extracts of Phaseolus vulgaris, green coffee, Yerba Mate, green tea, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and the combination of Cissus quadrangularis/Irvingia gabonensis. All of those plant extracts seemed to work on different physiological pathways and none of those extracts showed any notable adverse effects in human or animal models. Conclusion: Our review suggests that the discussed medicinal plants are effective in reducing the weight of obese patients without causing notable adverse reactions. Although further study is necessary to confirm their exact molecular mechanism and safety in human use.
ABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus (DM) epidemic-on a global scale-is a major and snowballing threat to public health, healthcare systems and economy, due to the cascade of pathologies triggered in a long-term manner after the DM manifestation. There are remarkable differences in the geographic disease spread and acceleration of an increasing DM prevalence recorded. Specifically, the highest initial prevalence of DM was recorded in the Eastern-Mediterranean region in 1980 followed by the highest acceleration of the epidemic characterised by 0.23% of an annual increase resulted in 2.3 times higher prevalence in the year 2014. In contrast, while the European region in 1980 demonstrated the second highest prevalence, the DM epidemic developments were kept much better under control compared to all other regions in the world. Although both non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors play a role in DM predisposition, cross-sectional investigations recently conducted amongst elderly individuals demonstrate that ageing as a non-modifiable risk factor is directly linked to unhealthy lifestyle as a well-acknowledged modifiable risk factor which, in turn, may strongly promote ageing process related to DM even in young populations. Consequently, specifically modifiable risk factors should receive a particular attention in the context of currently observed DM epidemic prognosed to expand significantly over 600 million of diabetes-diseased people by the year 2045. The article analyses demographic profiles of DM patient cohorts as well as the economic component of the DM-related crisis and provides prognosis for future scenarios on a global scale. The innovative approach by predictive diagnostics, targeted prevention and treatments tailored to the person in a suboptimal health condition (before clinical onset of the disease), as the medicine of the future is the most prominent option to reverse currently persisting disastrous trends in diabetes care. The key role of biomedical sciences in the future developments of diabetes care is discussed.
