Parents' lived experiences of parental needs for support at a burn centre.

Purpose: A burn injury to a child is a traumatic event and the parent's emotional reactions and coping strategies affect the child's adaptive outcome. It is therefore important that parents get the right support. The aim was to explore parents' lived experiences of their need for support when having a child admitted to a burn centre. Methods: Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with 22 parents of children age <12 years hospitalised with an accidental burn injury, 9 to 27 days after the burn accident, from April 2017 to July 2018. A Ricoeur-inspired textual analysis method was used. Results: Four themes emerged from the analysis and describe the parents' needs for support. The parents wanted to be taken care of as a whole family and feel safe in the hands of professionals. This, in turn, depended on being informed about the child's condition and treatment, but also on getting help in dealing with feelings of guilt. Not least, parents wanted opportunities to take care of their own fundamental needs in terms of hygiene, food, adequate rest and activities. Conclusion: As an overall understanding the healthcare providers should focus on the family as a whole in care and treatment.

"Finding oneself after critical illness": voices from the remission society.

The number of people who survive critical illness is increasing. In parallel, a growing body of literature reveals a broad range of side-effects following intensive care treatment. Today, more attention is needed to improve the quality of survival. Based on nine individual stories of illness experiences given by participants in two focus groups and one individual interview, this paper elaborates how former critically ill patients craft and recraft their personal stories throughout their illness trajectory. The analysis was conducted from a phenomenological perspective and led to the meaning structure; a quest to find oneself after critical illness. In this structure, illness represented a breakdown of the participants' lives, forcing them to develop a new understanding of themselves. Despite acute illness, they felt safe in hospital. Coming home, however, meant a constant balancing between health and illness, and being either in or out of control. To gain a deeper understanding of the participants' narratives of survival, the meaning structure was developed from a phenomenological life world perspective, Heidegger's concept of homelikeness and Arthur Frank's typologies of illness narratives. In conclusion listening to and acknowledging the patients' lived experiences of critical illness may support the patient efforts to establish the newly defined self and hence be vital for recovery. Phenomenology is one approach facilitating care tailored to the patients' lived experience of critical illness and its aftermaths.

Real Time Sonography as an anatomy teaching aid in undergraduate radiography institutions in Northern Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Real-time ultrasound scanning is increasing in popularity as a teaching tool for human anatomy because it is non-invasive, offers real-time 3-D anatomy and is cheaper than dissections. OBJECTIVES: To assess real-time ultrasound scanning as a teaching method of human anatomy, and to determine what teaching methods radiography students consider effective for understanding human anatomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and ten self-administered, structured and pre-tested questionnaires were distributed to Clinical Radiography students (Third, fourth and fifth year)in Northern Nigeria featuring University of Maiduguri and Bayero University Kano. The questionnaire consists of two sections;Demographics and preferred methods of delivery of anatomical information. Participation was voluntary. Comparisons among teaching methods were made using repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: A significant difference among the eight delivery methods with 3-D Radiology imaging being as the most preferred method overall (48.17, p<0.0001) and ultrasound the least (32.48, p<0.0001). With Duncan's multiple Range test, it is clearly shown that 3-D Radiology imaging differ with mean value(5.2522) followed by Computer programs(5.1292), Anatomic models( 4.7593), Laboratory videos(4.5815), textbooks(4.5358), animal dissection(4.2568), lectures(3.2568) and finally ultrasound scan (3.6087), (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: 3-D Radiology imaging is the most preferred method of delivering anatomical information and ultrasound scanning is the least preferred method.

Long-Term Study Of Health And Quality Of Life After Burn Injury.

The aim of the present study was to examine burn patient health status, quality of life and work status 16.2 (1.7) [mean (SD)] years after burn injury, and to compare the findings with similar questionnaire data from the same people obtained 11.5 years earlier. Data on burn-specific health (BSHS-N), generic health (SF-36), overall quality of life (QOLS), injury characteristics, socio-demography and work were obtained in 2001 from 95 adult burn patients. In 2013, 78 participants were still eligible, and 34 of them (age: 53.4 [9.4] [mean (SD)], total body surface burn: 17.8% [12.7%]; full thickness injury: 4.4% [5.1%]) answered a follow up study. In 2001, the burn patients reported impaired health status, but an overall quality of life comparable to the Norwegian general population. In particular, the participants were satisfied with their close relationships. At follow up 11.5 years later, the perceived burn-specific and generic health remained unchanged, whereas overall quality of life had improved significantly (QOLS score 77.2 (10.2) vs. 73.1 (12.1), p=0.003), with the largest improvements in the items related to satisfaction with helping others, work, physical active pastimes and independence. The results indicate that self-perceived functioning and wellbeing expressed by burn-specific and generic health status remain stable after the first years post injury. The improvement in overall quality of life 16.2 years post injury suggests long-term processes of growth.

Le but de cette étude était d'évaluer l'état de santé, la qualité de vie et le rapport au travail 16,2 ± 1,7 ans après une brûlure, et de comparées ces données à celles obtenues auprès des mêmes patients 11,5 ans plus tôt. Les données spécifiques (BSHS-N) et générales (SF36) sur la qualité de vie, celles la brûlures, socio-démographiques et liées au travail avaient été colligées auprès de 95 brûlés adultes en 2001. Soixante dix huit d'entre eux étaient encore susceptibles de participer à l'étude en 2013, et 34 d'entre eux ont accepté de la faire. Ils étaient âgés de 53,4+/-9,4 ans, avaient été brûlés sur 17,8+/-12,7 % dont 4,4+/-5,1 % de profond. En 2001, ils considéraient que leur santé était atteinte mais les données de qualité de vie étaient comparables à celles de la population norvégienne. En particulier, les patients étaient satisfaits des relations avec leurs proches. Onze ans et demi plus tard, leur perception de leur santé, via les échelles spécifique aux brûlés comme générale, était inchangée quand l'amélioration de leur qualité de vie était significative (score QOL 77,2+/-10,2 VS 73,1+/- 12,1 ; p=0,03), les améliorations les plus nettes concernant leur capacité à aider autrui, le travail, l'activité physique de loisir et l'indépendance. Ce résultats indiquent que la perception de santé reste inchangée après les premières années suivant la brûlure quand l'amélioration de la qualité de vie 16,2 ans après suggère un processus évoluant sur le long terme.

Analysis of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) promoter polymorphism in male heroin-dependent subjects: behavioural and personality correlates.

The promoter of the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) gene was analysed to test whether length variation of the repeat polymorphism contributes to variation in individual vulnerability to aggressive-criminal behaviour, and liability to heroin dependence. The repeat number of the MAO-A polymorphism was assessed in 199 male subjects of Italian descent, a sample comprising 95 healthy subjects and 104 heroin-dependent subjects including 52 addicted individuals with violent behaviour and antisocial personality disorder. The frequency of the low-activity 3-repeat allele was significantly higher in violent offenders among heroin addicts, compared to addicted individuals without antisocial behaviour (34.6 vs. 15.4%; p<0.03) and controls (18.9%; p<0.05). No significant difference was evidenced in the frequencies of the MAO-A alleles between heroin-dependent subjects in general and control subjects. High activity 4-repeat allele frequency was significantly higher in addicted individuals without antisocial behavior compared to antisocial-aggressive heroin-dependent subjects (76.9 vs. 55.8%; p<0.02). Buss Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) mean total scores were significantly higher in heroin addicts than in controls (p<0.001), and in antisocial-violent heroin addicts in comparison with addicted individuals without antisocial behaviour (p<0.005). Among heroin addicts BDHI irritability, suspiciousness and resentment subscales scores were found significantly higher in low activity 3-repeat allele subjects than in high activity alleles subjects (p<0.001; p<0.05; p<0.05, respectively). No association was found between MAO-A polymorphism and suicide history. Our findings suggest that the low-activity 3-repeat allele of the MAO-A promoter polymorphism confers increased susceptibility to antisocial-violent behavior and aggressiveness, rather than drug dependence per se, in heroin-dependent males.

Association between low-activity serotonin transporter genotype and heroin dependence: behavioral and personality correlates.

In previous studies, serotonin (5-HT) system disturbance was found involved in a variety of behavioral disorders, psychopathologies, and substance use disorders. A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the human serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) was recently identified and the presence of the short (S) allele found to be associated with a lower level of expression of the gene, lower levels of 5-HT uptake, type 2 alcoholism, violence and suicidal behavior. In the present study, 101 heroin addicts (males, West European, Caucasians) and 101 healthy control subjects matched for race and gender, with no history of substance use disorder, have been genotyped. Aggressiveness levels were measured in both heroin addicts and controls utilizing Buss-Durkee-Hostility-Inventory (BDHI). Data about suicide attempt and violent criminal behavior in subject history have been collected. The short-short (SS) genotype frequency was significantly higher among heroin dependent individuals compared with control subjects (P = 0.025). The odds ratio for the SS genotype versus the long-long (LL) genotype frequency was 0.69, 95% Cl (0.49-0.97), when heroin addicts were compared with healthy controls. The SS genotype frequency was significantly higher among violent heroin dependent individuals compared with addicted individuals without aggressive behavior (P = 0.02). BDHI mean total scores and suspiciousness and negativism subscales scores were significantly higher in SS individuals, in comparison with LL subjects, among heroin addicts. No association was found between SS genotype and suicide history. Our data suggest that a decreased expression of the gene encoding the 5-HTT transporter, due to "S" promoter polymorphism, may be associated with an increased risk for substance use disorders, particularly in the subjects with more consistent aggressiveness and impulsiveness.

Validation of a Norwegian version of the Burn Specific Health Scale.

BACKGROUND: The abbreviated Burn Specific Health Scale (BSHS-A) is an 80-item questionnaire that has proven useful in measuring physical, mental, social and general health in burn survivors. The aim of this study was to adapt the BSHS-A into Norwegian, including assessing reliability and validity. METHODS: Standard procedures for forward and backward translation including discussions with professionals and patients to ensure conceptual equivalence were used. A pilot study (11 burn patients) confirmed that the Norwegian version (BSHS-N) was clear, understandable and easy to self-administer. Subsequently, 95 adults admitted to the Burn Center, Haukeland University Hospital, between 1995 and 2000 entered a validation study by completing the BSHS-N and the general health measure SF-36. Sixty-nine of the 95 (72%) responders completed a retest. RESULTS: The overall internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha=0.97) and the test-retest reliability (ICC=0.95) for the BSHS-N were satisfactory. Tests for criterion validity showed expected patterns for association between comparable domains in the BSHS-N and the SF-36, with correlations ranging from r=0.61 to 0.81. Tests for construct validity showed that patients with full thickness injury (P=0.003), patients hospitalised more than 10 days (P=0.003), patients undergoing more than two operations (P=0.001) and patients unemployed at the time of study (P<0.001), had significantly lower total scores than the rest of the patients. CONCLUSION: BSHS-N seems to be a reliable and valid instrument for use in the Norwegian population. The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of this instrument allows for comparative international studies.

Ultrasonography-secretin test pattern after acute administration of octreotide in healthy persons and in patients with recurrent acute pancreatitis.

The intravenous administration of octreotide stimulates sphincter of Oddi activity and impairs pancreatic flow into the duodenum. Postsecretin ultrasonography (US-S test) has revealed an increase in the caliber of the main pancreatic duct, which disappears in healthy persons approximately 10 minutes later as a result of the opening of the sphincter of Oddi and passage of stimulated fluids into the duodenum. We have assessed US-S test patterns after octreotide in healthy persons and in patients with recurrent acute pancreatitis. The study sample consisted of 16 participants: alcohol-abstinent, nonsmoking, healthy volunteers (four men, three women; mean age: 28 +/- 2.5 years) and nine patients with recurrent acute pancreatitis (six men, three women; mean age: 32.1 +/- 7.1 years). All participants underwent measurement of the main pancreatic duct at 1-min intervals for 60 min after secretin stimulation (1 IU/kg intravenous bolus). On a different day the same persons had repeated US-S tests 1 hour after administration of 0.1 mg octreotide intramuscularly. In both controls and patients with recurrent acute pancreatitis, octreotide administration induced an appreciable dilatation of the main pancreatic duct before secretin stimulation, and the caliber remained significantly increased throughout the duration of the test. These results suggest that a single administration of octreotide at the dose used (a) does not inhibit pancreatic secretion of basal and secretin-stimulated fluid within the first 60 min and (b) probably exerts an inhibitory effect on sphincter of Oddi relaxation. These findings warrant more intensive study given their therapeutic implications for acute pancreatic disease.

Bioavailability of pivampicillin and ampicillin trihydrate administered as an oral paste in horses.

Pivampicillin was administered as an oral paste to five healthy adult horses, and an oral paste with ampicillin trihydrate was administered to three horses. Pivampicillin was administered to both starved and fed horses, ampicillin trihydrate was administered to fed horses only. The dose of pivampicillin was 19.9 mg/kg, and the dose of ampicillin trihydrate was 17 mg/kg. Both doses are equivalent on a molecular basis to 15 mg/kg ampicillin. Ampicillin concentrations in plasma were determined up to 24 hours after administration. After administration of pivampicillin to starved and fed horses the mean areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUCs) were 23.0 and 19.3 micrograms.h.ml-1, respectively. After administration of ampicillin trihydrate to fed horses the mean AUC was 0.7 microgram.h.ml-1. The peak plasma concentrations were 4.8, 6.7, and 0.1 microgram/ml, after administration of pivampicillin to starved and fed horses and of ampicillin trihydrate to fed horses, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in peak plasma concentration or AUC between pivampicillin administered to starved or fed horses. It is concluded that pivampicillin administered as an oral paste at a dose of 19.9 mg/kg gives satisfactory plasma concentrations in both starved and fed horses, whereas ampicillin trihydrate produces negligible plasma concentrations. Pivampicillin binds to feedstuffs at the pH found in the horse's stomach and small intestine. After incubation for 6 h at pH 6, approximately 15% remains in solution, and after incubation for 3 h at pH 1.9, approximately 40% remains in solution. Ampicillin, which binds to feedstuffs to a lesser extent, has a lower bioavailability than pivampicillin. Therefore, binding to feedstuffs does not seem to be a critical factor in the absorption of aminopenicillins.