The Remediation in Enzyme's Activities in Plants: Tea Waste as a Modifier to Improve the Efficiency of Growth of Helianthus annuus in Contaminated Soil.

The remediation in plant enzymatic activities in Cd-contaminated soil was monitored through tea waste. Tea is an extensively used beverage worldwide with the release of a high quantity of tea waste utilized in the growing condition of Helianthus annuus on Cd metal contaminated soil. The study was a plan for the natural environmental condition in the greenhouse. For this purpose, four sets of plants were cultivated in triplicate and marked as (i) control, (ii) Cd stress plants, (iii) dry tea waste and Cd stress, and (iv) fresh tea waste and Cd stress. The improved efficiency of biochemical reactions in plants under Cd stress with tea waste treatment was the consequence of blocking Cd movement in the soil through adsorption on tea waste, showing that the tea waste effectively controls the mobility of Cd from the soil to the roots of the plants. Scan electron microscopy (SEM) validates the recovery of the leaves of the plants. The remediation of plant growth and enzyme activities such as amylase, peroxidase, nitrate reductase (NR), and nitrite reductase (NiR) under Cd metal-contaminated soil through tea waste was investigated. The source of tea waste in contaminated soil resulted in the recovery of the photosynthetic process and an improvement in amylase, NR, NiR, and peroxidase activities, thereby resulting in the recovery of pigments coupled with an increase in the biomass of the plants. It was suggested that tea waste acts as a good biosorbent of Cd and energy provider to the plants for normal enzyme activity under Cd stress and may be used by farmers in the future for safe and healthy crops as a cost-effective technology.

The Development of a Green Innovative Bioactive Film for Industrial Application as a New Emerging Technology to Protect the Quality of Fruits.

Today, the most significant challenge encountered by food manufacturers is degradation in the food quality during storage, which is countered by expensive packing, which causes enormous monetary and environmental costs. Edible packaging is a potential alternative for protecting food quality and improving shelf life by delaying microbial growth and providing moisture and gas barrier properties. For the first time, the current article reports the preparation of the new films from Ditriterpenoids and Secomeliacins isolated from Melia azedarach (Dharek) Azadirachta indica plants to protect the quality of fruits. After evaluating these films, their mechanical, specific respirational, coating crystal elongation, elastic, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), film thickness, and nanoindentation test properties are applied to apple fruit for several storage periods: 0, 3, 6, 9 days. The fruits were evaluated for postharvest quality by screening several essential phytochemical, physiological responses under film coating and storage conditions. It was observed that prepared films were highly active during storage periods. Coated fruits showed improved quality due to the protection of the film, which lowered the transmission rate and enhanced the diffusion rate, followed by an increase in the shelf life. The coating crystals were higher in Film-5 and lower activity in untreated films. It was observed that the application of films through dipping was a simple technique at a laboratory scale, whereas extrusion and spraying were preferred on a commercial scale. The phytochemicals screening of treated fruits during the storage period showed that a maximum of eight important bioactive compounds were present in fruits after the treatment of films. It was resolved that new active films (1-5) were helpful in the effective maintenance of fruit quality and all essential compounds during storage periods. It was concluded that these films could be helpful for fruits growers and the processing industry to maintain fruit quality during the storage period as a new emerging technology.

Adhatoda vasica and Calotropis procera as a resource of novel chemical compounds, their biological bioluminescence assay, and investigation of morphological features of bacterial growth through advanced technologies.

This article reports the three principal groups of compounds for the first time from Adhatoda vasica and Calotropis procera plants species using nuclear magnetic resonance methods in which aliphatic, oxy heterocyclic, and tannins compounds were detected from these plants. The leaves of both species were subjected to testing tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidant activities. ATP bioluminescence use for indirect measurement of the amount of organic residue on the surface of the leaves that provide support to microbial growth. The distinguishing characteristics and intraoperative findings of bacterial diseases involved in treatments were conducted against the positive and negative microbial strains using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The methanolic extracts of leaves of both species were applied to bacterial strains through broth microdilution method to determine the minimum inhabitation concentrations (MICs) for both species. It was concluded that both plants are a rich resource of bioactive compounds. Their extract may also be used to treat various bacterial diseases and in drug manufacturing. HIGHLIGHTS: New chemical compounds of oxy-heterocyclic, aliphatic, and tannins derivatives are isolated from herbal plants as a source of various drugs. 1 H NMR spectrum and 13 C NMR spectrum of each new derivate were calculated. NMR-spectral analysis of new compound of chemistry class was studied and further applied in various bacterial strains. Tyrosinase inhibition property of bacteria strains by application of active compounds on these strains. Agar overlay bioassays were used to evaluate intercellular morphological features of strains applied on extracts by electron microscope (SEM). a-Glucosidase inhibition assay determined with antioxidants activity through FRAP assay methods.

The remediation of drought stress under VAM inoculation through proline chemical transformation action.

This article discussed the enhanced drought tolerance under arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculation and normal growth of plants which linked with the activity of photoreceptors. The photoreceptor action in dual symbiosis under drought stress showed not only the high photosynthetic activity but also provide information about the broad range of physiological responses. The pot experiment conducted in a natural environment where drought condition was observed twice a week via regular irrigation with water up to twelve months. Plants analysis showed the high contents of water, hydrogen peroxide, carotenoids, proline, antioxidant enzymes like super dismutase (SOD) and catalase(CAT) in both leaves and roots with a large surface area of leaves over control. The elevated concentration of hydrogen peroxide (0.04 ±â€¯0.0 µmol/g) coupled with singlet oxygen species was the main modified molecular mechanism which was operative in drought condition. The accretion of proline under drought stress in dual symbiosis (32.3 ±â€¯0.3 µg/mL) was related to the highest branching pattern of young leaves and the chemical transformation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including H2O2 and 3O2 into useful molecules like water and triplet molecular oxygen. The higher contents of carotenoids (5.0 ±â€¯1.2 mg/g) in drought over control (4.8 ±â€¯1.6 mg/g) and AM plant (4.9 ±â€¯1.2 mg/g) was found to be supportive in the conversion of singlet oxygen into triplet one.

Extraction of diverse polyphenols in relation with storage periods of Citrus paradisi CV. Shamber through HPLC-DAD technique using different solvent.

In this article, Citrus paradisi, (Shamber) an exceptional source of Vitamins A and C and full of nutrients, selected for extraction of diverse polyphenols including dietary flavonoids and essential flavonoids by HPLC-DAD technique using various solvents. These essential targeted compounds also analyze after keeping different storage periods and compare with fresh fruits for better efficacy of these compounds. The highest number of phenolic compounds including gallic acid, chlorogenic acid sinapic acid, ferulic acid, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol extracted in methanol solvent leading to the new compounds of tetra-O-methylscutellar and heptamethoxy flavone. The essential flavonoids determined by polyethersulfone filter and insoluble precipitation separated by the dimethyl sulfoxide. The results showed that the methanolic extraction exhibited higher essential flavonoids including nobiletin, sinensetin, tangeritin, and tetra-O-methylscutellarein and heptamethoxy flavone. The RP-HPLC analysis exposed the maximum number of nutritional flavonoids like naringin, hesperidin, total flavones, glycosyl. Moreover, it observed that dietary flavonoids and phenolic compounds of stored fruits were unaffected in 30 days of storage periods while minor variations were pragmatic during 60-90 days storage. The investigation revealed that C. paradisi proves to be the valuable resource of different phenolic compounds and flavonoids which are effective against various oxidative stresses in the human body.

The insects as an assessment tool of ecotoxicology associated with metal toxic plants.

In this article, the assessment of lethal effects of Copper (Cu) on Luffa acutangula and Spinacia oleracea plants investigated in relation to the presence of insect species Oxycarenus hyalinipennis. The analysis of Cu-treated plants displays the information of rapid growth of Oxycarenus hyalinipennis species in triplicate. However, results showed that the impact of metal toxicity appeared as the reduced growth rate of plants, and dense growth of the insect species Oxycarenus halinipennis followed by the chewing/degradation of the toxic plant. The insect's inductees into polluted plants were justified by morphological and primary molecular level using plant stress hypothesis through analysis of the primary chemistry of leaves and roots. That includes various sugar contents which substantiated that these compounds act as the best feeding stimulant from oviposition to adult stage of the insects and accountable for the enactment of insects in the toxic plants. The relationship of these insects to the toxic plants linked with the higher contents of glucose, carbohydrates, and cellulose. The higher carbohydrate and cellulose content in both plants species under Cu accumulation exhibited more signs of insect mutilation over control plants and the lack of chemical resistances allowed the adult insects to spread, survive, reproduce and live long. The presence of insects developed relationships that assimilate all developmental, biological, and the interactive toxicity of Cu in both plant species which indicate the risk associated with these plants.

New Prospective for Enhancement in Bioenergy Resources Through Fungal Engineering.

BACKGROUND: Lignin and cellulose, organic constituents of the plant or plant-based material not commonly used for feeding purpose are referred as Biomass. Patents suggest that this can be used as the best resource of renewable energy. Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) fungi can play an effective role in biomass manufacturing through activated metabolism of the plant under dual symbiosis. During C acclimatization, mycorrhizal inoculated plants existent greater number of leaves with a height of plants as compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. The current article discloses the search of the natural resources for C assimilation into biomass using mycorrhizal symbiosis. METHODS: The pot experiment was conducted in the natural environment for extraction of more bioenergy through biomass of Conocarpus erectus L under VAM (Glomus fasciculatum) inoculation in various environmental conditions with replicates. RESULTS: It observed that these fungal engineered plants showed distinctive prospective to offer, enhanced biomass to energy couple with a strong network for sinking CO2 from the atmosphere via strong roots and large surface area of leaves. There was an increase in biomass (9-17% respectively) of the plant under drought-VAM, VAM inoculation and VAM- enriched CO2 conditions in same period in comparison to control plants through lignin, cellulose and carbohydrate contents. It was followed by enhanced enzyme activities and nutrient ions in dual symbiosis. CONCLUSION: Coupling biomass-originated energy may recover environmental conditions and commercial value for sustainable growth in energy consumption sector. The green energy from fungal engineered plants may replace high demand of fossil fuel as a young biofuel and make the cities more productive in the fabrication of bioenergy too in the form of biomass or biofuel with C impartial atmosphere.

The monitoring of Cu contaminated water through potato peel charcoal and impact on enzymatic functions of plants.

Enzymes are a biological catalyst, an important protein that accelerates the most biochemical reactions of a plants cell, investigated in this article as a provoked biomarkers under Cu stress. The study was conducted in comparison of (a) Control, (b) Cu stress plants and (c) treated plants in the greenhouse. The treated plants were grown in recycled water, prepared at laboratory scale using potato peel charcoal (PPC) as a sorbent. Weekly monitoring of various enzymes in plants (b) up to three months showed that peroxidase activity enhanced in comparison to control and treated plants, while protease, amylase and, nitrate and nitrite reductase were reduced. The enzymatic disorder under Cu stress reflects the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the failure of the key and um-lock action of enzymes for complex molecules, which plays a critical role in the biochemical reaction of plants to grow. Elevated peroxidase activity in roots and leaves of plant (b) indicated that it aid in minimizing the damages under activated ROS. The observed reduced activities of protease, amylase, nitrate and nitrite reductase presented that redox active metal (Cu) interfere at the molecular level and damages the normal C and N mechanism of development of plants (b) under abiotic stress over control. The ROS conflicts in plants (b) due to high accumulation of Cu was resolved by checking the mobility of Cu on PPC surface from Cu-contaminated wastewater. It appeared as a normal growth rate in plant (c), similar to that of plants grown in tap water (Plants a). The remediation of enzymatic disorder through Surface Science Technology (SST) in plant (c) validated that wastewater can easily manage through sorption of Cu metal on the PPC surface. The decontamination through SST showed that the wastewater could be restored economically which can use in irrigation without harmful impact on plant growth regulatory system.

Remediation of Cu metal-induced accelerated Fenton reaction by potato peels bio-sorbent.

This article has allied exposure to Ecological Particulate Matter (EPM) and its remediation using potato peel surface (PPC) bio-sorbent on two important edible crops Spinacia oleracea and Luffa acutangula. Fenton reaction acceleration was one of the major stress oxidation reactions as a consequence of iron and copper toxicity, which involve in the formation of hydroxyl radical (OH) through EPM. Results showed that the oxidative stress encouraged by Cu in both species that recruits the degradation of photosynthetic pigments, initiating decline in growth, reduced leaf area and degrade proteins. The plants were cultivated in natural environmental condition in three pots with three replicates like (a) control, (b) Cu treated and (c) treated water. Oxidative stress initiated by metal activity in Cu accumulated plant (b) were controlled, through bio-sorption of metal from contaminated water using PPC; arranged at laboratory scale. The acceleration of Fenton reaction was verified in terms of OH radical generation. These radicals were tested in aqueous extract of leaves of three types of plants via benzoic acid. The benzoic acid acts as a scavenger of OH radical due to which the decarboxylation of benzoic acid cured. Observation on (b) showed more rapid decarboxylation as compared to other plants which showed that Cu activity was much higher in (b) as compared to (a) and (c). The rapid decarboxylation of benzoic acid and lower chlorophyll contents in (b) suggest that Fenton reaction system was much enhanced by Cu-O and Fe-O chemistry that was successfully controlled by PPC which results in restoring the metabolic pathway and nullifying oxidative stress in

Glomus fasciculatum Fungi as a Bio-convertor and Bio-activator of Inorganic and Organic P in Dual Symbiosis.

BACKGROUND: Dual symbiosis played an effective role in drought condition and temperature. Furthermore, performed services in absorption of water and solubilization of chief nutrients specially phosphorus for growth of plants. Phosphorous is essential for plant growth in any climatic condition because of central constituent of ATP providing chemical energy for all metabolic reactions of plants. METHOD: The goal of this work was to monitor the growth of plant under three climatic conditions in comparison to control plant under Glomus fasciculatum inoculation related with adequate supply of phosphorous. RESULTS: Results demonstrated that Glomus fasciculatum (VAM) activates the solubilization of P into the anionic form H2PO4(-) which is highly consumable form by the plants. Minerals including P in soil most regularly solubilized for fixing in plants and continuously changed to highly soluble forms by reaction with inorganic or organic constituents of the soil which are activated in the presence of fungi for continuous availability. Experimental facts and nonstop growth of plants recommended that VAM fungi act as a bio-convertor and bio-activator of soil nutrients, especially of P and their hyphal interaction absorbs soil nutrients and activates insoluble P to soluble one for plant development. CONCLUSION: Continuous growth of 18 months old Conocarpus erectus L plant in dual symbiosis supports the proposed idea that phosphorus cycle exists during VAM inoculations, where soil reaction altered in presence of spores that help to solubilize the P which strengthens the plant, activates photo-biological activity and demonstrates the new function of VAM as a recycler for continues growth.

The effective role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in sinking CO2 from atmosphere of mega cities.

An effort was made after detailed literature survey and few experiments, conducted at Laboratory conditions about the VAM fungus inoculated plants; they have large surface area and more photosynthetic rate, can assimilate more CO2, even can grow in drought condition including water deficiency and high temperature. For this purpose, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted in which soil manifested with fungi was used and Conocarpus erectus L (common on green belt of Karachi Streets) was selected for testing the fungal engineering. Results demonstrated a well-developed strong roots system and branching pattern of shoots rather than larger surface area of leaves of the fungal engineered plant when compared with non-treated ones. The long root system indicates the stability of plant and water transport system in high temperature and low water conditions. While increased branching pattern of areal part may be directly related to an increase in net photosynthetic rates or increase CO2 absorption in the fungal inoculated plants. This investigation showed an interesting use of VAM services for technology development of root organ culture development in areas of low water availability and high temperature condition with elevated concentration of CO2. A mechanism of absorption of CO2 related with the alteration in plant bio-physical metabolism is discussed in relation with phosphorus uptake under VAM inoculation.