ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The fatty acid (FA) composition of breast milk throughout the period of lactation is fairly well understood. What is not known, however, is the FA composition of breast milk at the interface of physiology and pathology of pregnancy. We therefore decided to analyse and compare the differences in the FA composition of transitional and mature milk of mothers who delivered small for gestational age (SGA) neonates born at term; infants delivered at 35-37 weeks of gestation, that is 'late preterm'; and that of mothers who gave birth to appropriate for gestational age neonates (AGA). SUBJECT/METHODS: The FAs were analysed by HPLC equipped with MS detector. RESULTS: We found differences in the percentage share of the studied FA pool regarding levels of capric, lauric and gadoleic acids. Comparing transitional and mature milk, the greatest diversity was seen in the group of mothers of AGA neonates and the least was noted in the group of mothers of SGA neonates. CONCLUSIONS: Both 'late prematurity' and reduced neonatal weight of children born at term affect the FA composition of breast milk. Even a small degree of fetal malformation alters the composition of breast milk, which is probably related to the child's needs and condition.
Subject(s)
Fatty Acids/analysis , Infant, Premature , Infant, Small for Gestational Age , Milk, Human/chemistry , Adult , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Female , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Gestational Age , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Lactation , Mothers , Pilot Projects , Pregnancy , Young AdultABSTRACT
AIM: To determine the content of trans fatty acids in human milk in relation to breastfeeding mothers' diet. METHODS: Samples of milk were collected from 100 breastfeeding mothers and 7-d dietary records and anthropometry from 69 mothers were obtained. RESULTS: The following total trans fatty acids contents (median (lower-upper quartile); % wt/wt) in milk samples were determined: 1) data for Spring: colostrum--1.37 (1.00-2.00), mature milk at 5-6 wk of lactation--2.59 (1.49-3.34) and at 9-10 wk of lactation--2.36 (1.55-3.92); 2) data for Autumn: colostrum--1.80 (1.42-2.48), mature milk at 5-6 wk of lactation--2.41 (1.79-4.31) and at 9-10 wk of lactation--2.77 (1.53-4.18). The major sources of trans fatty acids in mothers' diets were bakery products, confectionery and snacks. Mothers who had high level of trans isomers in their milk consumed significantly higher amounts of these products. CONCLUSIONS: Bakery products, confectionery and snacks are a major source of trans fatty acids in maternal diet in Poland. The levels of trans fatty acids in human milk may reflect the current diet of the mother as well as the diet consumed early in pregnancy.
Subject(s)
Diet , Milk, Human/chemistry , Mothers , Trans Fatty Acids/analysis , Adult , Breast Feeding , Colostrum/chemistry , Female , Humans , PolandSubject(s)
Gastric Mucosa/pathology , Gastritis/pathology , Intestinal Mucosa/pathology , Stomach Ulcer/pathology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Metaplasia , Middle Aged , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
The effect of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) administration on the hepatic monooxygenase system of nuclear and microsomal fraction was investigated in male mice. Addition of BHA to the diet significantly lowered the content of cytochrome P-450 in liver nuclei and increased the specific activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and the content of cytochrome b5 in liver microsomes. Incubation of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) with liver nuclei from BHA-fed mice resulted in inhibition of binding of BP metabolites to nuclear macromolecules by 50% compared with control. However, there was no effect of BHA on the binding of BP metabolites to macromolecules when BP was incubated with added DNA and liver microsomes from BHA-fed mice. It has been postulated that modification of nuclear monooxygenases by BHA may play a role in the inhibitory effect of BHA on BP carcinogenesis.
