Evaluation of elevated serum liver enzymes and metabolic syndrome in the PERSIAN Guilan cohort study population.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between elevated serum liver enzymes and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies of the Iranian Adults (PERSIAN) Guilan Cohort Study (PGCS) population. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 10,519 individuals between the ages of 35 and 70 enrolled in the PGCS. The gathered data encompassed demographic information, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and biochemical indicators. MetS was defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria (NCEP-ATP III). The associations between elevated liver enzymes and MetS were examined using logistic regression analysis. Odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Results: The prevalence of MetS was 41.8 %, and the prevalence of elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were 19.4, 4.6, 11.6, and 5.1 %, respectively. In the unadjusted model, elevated ALT, AST, and GGT were associated with increased odds of MetS (OR = 1.55, 95 % CI: 1.41-1.71; OR = 1.29, 95 % CI: 1.07-1.55, and OR = 1.90, 95 % CI: 1.69-2.14, respectively). These associations remained significant for ALT and GGT after adjustment for some demographic and clinical characteristics (aOR = 1.31, 95 % CI: 1.17-1.46 and aOR = 1.30, 95 % CI: 1.14-1.49, respectively). In addition, the odds of MetS increased with the number of elevated liver enzymes, up to almost 1.32-fold among subjects with three/four elevated liver enzymes. Conclusion: The higher incidence of elevated liver enzymes was associated with an increased likelihood of MetS. Including liver markers in diagnosing and predicting MetS holds promise and is considered a possible approach.

Lactobacillus ruteri compared with placebo as an adjuvant in quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of probiotic as an adjuvant in quadruple therapy for H. pylori eradication compared with placebo. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, controlled trial was conducted on 450 patients with confirmed H. pylori infection. We randomly allocated patients (1:1) to receive probiotic (Lactobacillus ruteri, 100 mg) or placebo as an adjuvant in quadruple therapy with bismuth subcitrate 240 mg, pantoprazole 40 mg, amoxicillin 1000 mg and clarithromycin 500 mg all twice daily for 14 days. The primary outcome of the study was the H. pylori eradication rate at eight weeks after the end of treatment using 14C-urea breath test. The secondary endpoint of study was patient-reported side effects of drugs. The study protocol was approved by the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20080901001155N32). RESULTS: H. pylori eradication rates were higher in the probiotic group, compared to placebo, but this difference was not statistically significant, according to both intention-to-treat (78.7 % (95 % CI; 71.24-86.16) versus 72 % (95 % CI; 64.9-79.1), respectively) and per-protocol (80.1 % (95 % CI; 73.7 - 86.5) versus 75.2 %(95 % CI; 68.4 - 82), respectively). About 69.7 % of patients in the probiotic group experience side effects compared to 98.6 % in the placebo group that was statistically significant (P-value < 0.001). Headache and all gastrointestinal adverse events except constipation were significantly lower in the probiotic group compared to placebo (P-value < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Adding Lactobacillus ruteri to quadruple therapy did not significantly improve the eradication of H. pylori. However it reduced the frequency of drug-associated side effects.

Gender-related differences in the association of serum levels of vitamin D with body mass index in northern Iranian population: the PERSIAN Guilan Cohort Study (PGCS).

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D (VD) insufficiency has now become a global problem throughout the world. The association between increasing body mass index (BMI) and VD insufficiency has attracted great attention in recent researches. The aim was to study if BMI was independently associated with serum 25-hydroxy VD in a large population-based study, specify by gender. METHODS: Data on 9520 adults 35 years and older participating in PERSIAN Guilan Cohort Study (PGCS) were used. Serum levels of 25-hydroxy VD less than 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L) was used as a measure of VD inadequacy. Multiple logistic and linear regression analyses were used to estimate the strength of the association between VD and BMI before and after adjusting for demographic factors and lifestyle variables. RESULTS: After adjustment in male population, overweight (adjusted OR = 1.2, P < 0.05) and obese (adjusted OR = 1.4, P > 0.05) individuals were more likely to have VD inadequacy than normal weight counterparts. Moreover, there was a weak inverse linear association between BMI and serum 25 (OH) D levels in males (ß = -0.14, P value > 0.05). In contrast, no significant associations between BMI and serum 25 (OH (D levels were observed in females. In male population, higher BMI were associated with lower serum vitamin 25 (OH) D levels. CONCLUSIONS: However, association between BMI and VD level was not observed in female population. The suggestion of current study for public health was special consideration to serum VD levels in over weight and obese males.

Psychomotor abilities in diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy derived from procedural task analysis techniques and expert review.

BACKGROUND: Any prediction of a person's ability to succeed in a motor skill depends on the detection and accurate measurement of the basic abilities for the performance of that skill. Task analysis is needed to determine the psychomotor skills and abilities required to perform an action. This study aimed to determine the components of psychomotor abilities for diagnostic upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy through procedural task analysis (PTA) and expert review. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multisource, multimethod task analysis was conducted in six metropolitan teaching hospitals affiliated with the adult gastroenterology and hepatology training centers in the Islamic Republic of Iran in 2019. Observation, video-recording, and think-aloud protocols were used while diagnostic upper GI endoscopy was performed. To confirm the accuracy of the PTA, the incorporated the views of the adult gastroenterology and hepatology subspecialty experts through the checklist of PTA assessment criteria. Finally, to determine the psychomotor abilities for each stage of the procedure, the study incorporated a panel of experts from occupational therapy, physical education, physical medicine, and adult gastroenterology and hepatology subspecialty. RESULTS: Of the 15 psychomotor abilities examined, 11 were determined for upper GI endoscopy procedure, of which six cases (including visuospatial and perceptual abilities, hand-eye coordination, multilimb coordination, finger dexterity, arm-hand steadiness, and manual dexterity) were the most frequent. CONCLUSIONS: PTA techniques and subsequent expert review were used to identify the components of psychomotor abilities for diagnostic upper GI endoscopy. It is suggested that PTA is performed for other procedures, and after psychomotor abilities are specified, proportional tests are developed.

Naproxen, isosorbide dinitrate and co-administration cannot prevent post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: Randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUNDS/AIMS: Acute pancreatitis is the most widespread complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Here, we investigated the efficacy of rectal suppository naproxen, sublingual isosorbide dinitrate and their co-administration in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. METHODS: This double-blind randomized clinical trial carried out from June 2015 to February 2016 at the Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center in Rasht, Iran. A total of 585 patients were selected from candidates for diagnostic or therapeutic ERCP by using the simple sampling method. Patients divided into three groups. Group A received 500 mg naproxen, group B took 5 mg isosorbide dinitrate, and group C was co-administrated both agents before ERCP. The primary outcome measure was the development of pancreatitis onset of pain in the upper abdomen and increase of serum amylase activity more than 3 times over the upper normal limit (60-100 IU/L) within first the 24 h post-ERCP. RESULTS: Totally, 80 patients developed PEP included 29 (4.9%), 24 (4.1%), and 27 (4.6%) patients in groups A, B, and C, respectively (p=0.845). Longer ERCP time (p=0.041), using diazepam (p=0.033), a higher number of pancreatic ducts cannulation (p＜0.001), pancreatic duct injection (p=0.013), and using pancreatic stent (p=0.004) were the predisposing factors for PEP. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that prophylactic naproxen suppository or isosorbide dinitrate sublingually or co-administration had no significant difference in the prevention and severity of PEP, however, enhancing the endoscopist's skills can be effective. Departments and educational hospitals should develop their assessment and quality assurance measures for the training of fellows' not only technical training but also an understanding of the diagnostic and therapeutic roles of the procedure.

Therapeutic approach of Cancer stem cells (CSCs) in gastric adenocarcinoma; DNA methyltransferases enzymes in cancer targeted therapy.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) show a remarkable sub class of cancer cells population which have a potential to organize and regulate stemness properties which possess a main particular responsibility for uncontrolled growth in carcinogenesis, production of different cancers in differentiated situation and also resistancy to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Correspondingly, gastric cancer (GC) as a very serious type in cancer mortality in the world, has received a deep attention in molecular therapy recently. Besides the main characteristics of CSCs like differentiation, epithelial mesenchymal transition, self-renewal and metastasis, they are so effective in expression of stemness genes resistancy in radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In this way, the regulation of epigenetic elements including DNA methylation and the performance of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) which is a notable epigenetic trait in GC, is of great importance. Inhibitors of DNA methylation are the first epigenetic drugs in cancer therapy. Considerably, recent studies indicate that low doses of DNMT inhibitors have a high potential in sustaining reduced DNA methylation and related with re-expression of silenced genes in tumorigenesis. Importantly, these certain doses have the ability to decrease the carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis in CSC populations within GC. Meaningly, the inhibition of DNMTs are able to reduce the accumulation of tumorigenic ability of GC CSCs. Furthermore, many epigenetic drugs have a great potential in cancer therapy, including histone methyltransferases, lysine demethylases, histone deacetylasesand, bromodomain and extra-terminal domain proteins and DNA methyltransferases inhibitors. In this review article, we try to focus on the therapeutic mechanism of DNMTs alongside with their impact on CSCs in GC.

The PERSIAN Guilan Cohort Study (PGCS).

The Guilan cohort study was conducted on 10520 men and women between 35-70 years of age in Guilan province and Some'e Sara county, northern Iran, from October 8, 2014 to January 20, 2017 as part of the Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in Iran (PERSIAN). Eligible participants were contacted over the phone and were invited to refer to the cohort center. Demographic information was inquired during the phone call. Upon arrival of participants at the cohort center, consent forms were filled out and additional data on demographic characteristics, socio-economic status, employment, fuel status and location, lifestyle habits, and sleep and food habits were obtained. Blood pressure and anthropometric indices were measured. Finally, biological samples were collected. There was a participation rate of 83.2%, and a 15-year active follow-up was planned for all of the participants. The results showed that 53.5% of the participants were female and 56.1% of the participants were rural residents. A total of 1738 participants (16.5%) were illiterate. Of the total cohort participants, 4543 (43.2%) were hypertensive. Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or a prior diagnosis of hypertension by a health professional, or taking antihypertensive medications. Approximately one-third of participants (n=3435 or 32.7%) were obese, and most were females (n=2647, 77.1%). Prevalence of diabetes (defined as fasting blood sugar equal or higher than 126 mg/dL or history of diagnosis with diabetes or taking glucose lowering medication) was 24.1% (20.2 % in males and 27.3% in females). We also obtained laboratory samples for basic and genetic scientific research. According to laboratory evaluations, 3,585 (34.1%) of the participants had hematuria, and most of them were women (n=2151 or 60%). The preliminary results of our study demonstrate a high prevalence of metabolic risk factors for Non-Communicable Diseases and mainly cardiovascular diseases in Guilan province, which merit detailed investigation of their intricate relationships. The population-based design of the study as well as its large sample size were the main strengths of our cohort study that makes these investigations feasible. Researchers interested in using the information are invited to visit the following websites: http://www.gums. ac.ir/cohort and http://persiancohort.com/.

Outcome of patients with multiple myeloma and renal failure on novel regimens.

Renal involvement occurs in 20-40% of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients, and diagnosis of myeloma is frequently made after investigation for unexplained renal disease. This is a retrospective study between 2006 and 2013 in which 57 consecutive patients seen at the Nephrology Unit with diagnosis of MM were enrolled. MM was diagnosed for the first time because of renal dysfunction and/or proteinuria in these patients. The mean age of the patients (65% male) was 58.3 ± 12.7 years. The median baseline serum creatinine was 3.5 mg/dL (1.4-14.5). Anemia (hemoglobin <12 g/dL) was noted in 88% and hypercalcemia (calcium >10.5 mg/dL) in 35% of patients. Early hemodialysis was started in 28 patients (49%). Thalidomide plus dexamethasone (16% on bortezomib) were the main therapeutic regimens. Three patients (5%) underwent autologous stem cell transplantation. Twenty-six patients (45.6%) died during a median follow-up of 25 months (1-90). The mean age of patients who died was significantly higher than the age in patients who were alive (62.2 ± 12.7 vs. 55.2 ± 11.9 years, respectively; P = 0.037). Early hemodialysis had no significant effect on mortality rate. The one-, three and five year patient survival was 71%, 54%, and 41%, respectively. The median overall survival of patients was 50 months. Prolonged patient survival can be expected in myeloma patients with renal failure or on dialysis by applying novel therapeutic agents.

Does treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection reduce gastric precancerous lesions?

BACKGROUND: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) decreases the prevalence of gastric cancer, and may inhibit gastric precancerous lesions progression into gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of treatment on subsequent gastric precancerous lesion development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively studied 27 patients who had low grade dysplasia at the time of enrollment, in addition to dysplasia atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia observed in all patients. All were prescribed quadruple therapy to treat H. Pylori infection for 10 days. Patients underwent endoscopy with biopsy at enrollment and then at follow up two years later. Biopsy samples included five biopsies from the antrum of lesser curvature, antrum of greater curvature, angularis, body of stomach and fundus. RESULTS of these biopsies were compared before and after treatment. RESULTS: Overall, the successful eradication rate after two years was 15/27 (55.6%). After antibiotic therapy, the number of patients with low grade dysplasia decreased significantly (p=0.03), also with reduction of the atrophic lesions (p=0.01), but not metaplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of H. pylori likely is an effective therapy in preventing the development of subsequent gastric premalignant lesions.