ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to investigate optimal respiratory gating schemes using different numbers of gates and placements within the respiratory cycle for reduction of respiratory motion (RM) artifacts in myocardial SPECT. The 4D NCAT phantom with its realistic respiratory model was used to generate 96 3D phantoms equally spaced over a complete respiratory cycle modeling the activity distribution from a typical Tc-99m Sestamibi study with the maximum movement of the diaphragm set at 2 cm. The 96 time frames were grouped to simulate various gating schemes (1, 3, 6, and 8 equally spaced gates) and different placements of the gates within a respiratory cycle. Projection data, including effects of attenuation, collimator-detector response and scatter, from each respiratory gate and each gating scheme were generated and reconstructed using the OS-EM algorithm with correction for attenuation. Attenuation correction was done with average attenuation maps for each gate and over the entire respiratory cycle. Bull's-eye polar plots generated from the reconstructed images for each gate were analyzed and compared to assess the effect of RM. RM artifacts were found to be reduced the most when going from the ungated to the gated case. No significant difference was found in attenuation compensated images between the use of gated and average attenuation maps. Our results indicate that the extent of RM artifacts is dependent on the placement of the gates in a gating scheme. Artifacts are less prominent in gates near end-expiration and more prominent near end-inspiration. This dependence on gate placement decreases when going to higher numbers of gates (6 and higher). However, it is possible to devise a non-uniform time interval gating scheme with 3 gates that will produce results similar to those using a higher number of gates. We conclude that respiratory gating is an effective way to reduce RM artifacts. Effective implementation of respiratory gating to further improve quantitative myocardial SPECT requires optimization of the gating scheme based on the amount of respiratory motion of the heart during each gate and the placement of the gates within the respiratory cycle.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In current combined positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) systems, high-quality CT images not only increase diagnostic value by providing anatomic delineation of hyper- and hypometabolic tissues, but also shorten the acquisition time for attenuation correction compared with standard PET imaging. However, this technique potentially introduces more radiation burden to patients as a result of the higher radiation exposure from CT. METHODS: In this study, the radiation doses delivered from typical germanium-based and CT-based transmission scans were measured and compared using an anthropomorphic Rando Alderson phantom with insertions of thermoluminescent dosimeters. Image geometric distortion and quantified uptake values in PET images with different manipulating CT acquisition protocols for attenuation correction were also evaluated. RESULTS: It was found that radiation doses during germanium-based transmission scans were almost negligible, while doses from CT-based transmission scans were significantly higher. Using a lower radiation dose, the CT acquisition protocol did not significantly affect attenuation correction and anatomic delineation in PET. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed the relation between image information and dose. The current PET/CT imaging acquisition protocol was improved by decreasing the radiation risks without sacrificing the diagnostic values.
