Hospital related hyperglycemia as a predictor of mortality in non-diabetes patients: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hyperglycemia is a condition often found in hospitalized patients due to stress injury, parenteral nutrition or medications administered during hospitalization. According to previous studies, hyperglycemia could be an independent predictor of mortality. The objective of the study is to assess the risk of mortality in non-diabetic patients with hyperglycemia during hospitalization. METHODS: In this systematic review, we conducted literature reviews on several databases. Twelve studies were retrieved and critically reviewed using NOS. RESULTS: A majority of the studies reported that hospital related hyperglycemia increased the mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital related hyperglycemia is an independent predictor factor for both in-hospital and long-term mortality.

The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Diabetes Complication and Diabetes Management in People With Diabetes in Indonesia.

Aims: As the country with the seventh largest number of People with Diabetes (PWD) in the world, the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and the Large Social Scale Restriction (LSSR) policy taken by the Indonesian government to reduce the number of COVID-19 transmissions is estimated to interfere diabetes management and will increase the incidence of diabetes complications. This study aims to determine the difficulties of diabetes management and its impact on diabetes morbidity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study using a national scale web survey. This research was conducted in Indonesia enrolling 1124 PWD aged 18 years or older. Diabetes complications are defined as self-assessed incidence of hypoglycemia, or Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU), or hospital admission experienced by PWD in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic. The correlation between diabetes management difficulties and diabetes-related complications was measured using a modified cox regression test. Results: Diabetes management difficulties were experienced by 69.8% of PWD in Indonesia. The difficulties include attending diabetes consultation 30.1%, access to diabetes medication 12.4%, checking blood glucose levels 9.5%, controlling diet 23.8%, and performing regular exercise 36.5%. Diabetes-related complications occurred in 24.6% of subjects. Those who had diabetes management difficulties during the COVID-19 pandemic are prone to have diabetes complications by 1.4 times greater (PR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.09-1.83) than those who did not. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic and LSSR have impact on diabetes management and diabetes-related complications as assessed by PWD in Indonesia.

ADA Diabetes Risk Test Adaptation in Indonesian Adult Populations: Can It Replace Random Blood Glucose Screening Test?

AIMS: The use of non-invasive and easily available assessment tools such as the ADA diabetes risk test is recommended for diabetes screening among general population. This study aims to assess the validity of the ADA diabetes risk test in screening for screening hyperglycemia in Indonesian population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study conducted at primary health care in Cibeber sub district at Cilegon city, Banten province, Indonesia. Subjects were aged ≥45 years old without a prior diagnosis of diabetes were recruited consecutively. The risk of hyperglycemia was measured using the ADA Diabetes Risk Test. Random capillary blood glucose (RcBG) with a cut-off value >140 mg/dL used as a comparison. RESULTS: From a total of 134 subjects, 23.13% of subjects (n = 31) had hyperglycemia. The ADA Diabetes Risk Test gave an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.71 (95% CI: 0.60-0.81) with an optimal cut-off of value ≥5. The sensitivity of the ADA diabetes risk test in diagnosing hyperglycemia was 68% with a false-negative rate (FNR) of 32.26%. Meanwhile, at a cut-off value ≥4, the sensitivity of the ADA Diabetes Risk Test was 93% with an FNR of 9.7%. CONCLUSION: ADA diabetes risk test provides a valuable result as a diabetes screening tool in the Indonesian population, thus promotes intervention strategies for population known to be at risk.

Role of tocilizumab for concomitant systemic fungal infection in severe COVID-19 patient: Case report.

RATIONALE: Bacterial and fungal infections in Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) patients have been inadequately investigated and reported thus far. The safety profile of tocilizumab (TCZ) administration in candidemia patient still debatable. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 54 year-old woman presenting with weakness on the left side of her body was diagnosed with COVID-19. After 7 days of admission, her condition worsened and developed respiratory distress and was having respiratory distress despite standard treatment. DIAGNOSES: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in COVID 19 was diagnoses based on real time-PCR swab, deterioration of PaO2/FiO2 and increased of acute phase reactants. INTERVENTIONS: Anti Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was considered to tackle her inflammatory condition. Prior to TCZ administration, blood culture was performed and the result came with Candida tropicalis in the absence of bacterial growth. OUTCOMES: No major complications associated with intravenous antifungal or TCZ occurred. After 40 days of hospitalization, the patient's clinical condition improved and was finally discharged. LESSONS: This case underscores the safety profile of giving TCZ in candidemia as a secondary infection in severe COVID-19 patient.

The risk factors of inpatient hypoglycemia: A systematic review.

Hypoglycemia is an important and harmful complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) that often occurs in inpatient or outpatient settings. Hypoglycemia can be divided into two types, i.e. primary hypoglycemia when hypoglycemia is the main diagnosis for admission, whereas secondary hypoglycemia if hypoglycemia occurs during hospitalization. Hypoglycemia during hospitalization or secondary hypoglycemia may arise from various risk factors, such as advanced age, comorbid diseases, type of diabetes, previous history of hypoglycemia, body mass index, hyperglycemia therapy given, as well as other risk factors such as inadequate glucose monitoring, unclear or unreadable physician instructions, limited health personnel, limited facilities, prolonged fasting and incompatibility of nutritional intake and therapy administered. Hypoglycemia can lead to medical and non-medical impacts, such as increased mortality, cardiovascular disorders, cerebrovascular disorders, and increased health care costs and length of stay. The incidence of inpatient hypoglycemia can actually be prevented by controlling modifiable risk factors and also giving education about hypoglycemia to patients and health workers. We performed a literature research in Pubmed, EBSCOhost, and Scopus to review the possible risk factors for inpatient hypoglycemia. Eleven studies were retrieved. We presented the result of these studies as well as a brief overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, impact and preventive strategy.