The Experience of Spanish Prison Nurses with the HIV Pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: This study discusses the experiences of nurses in Spanish prisons during the HIV/AIDS pandemic, emphasizing administrative changes and adaptive measures, such as the creation of the Subdirectorate General of Penitentiary Health. OBJECTIVE: We describe the experiences of nurses in Spanish penitentiary centers in the face of the HIV/AIDS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The interpretative and phenomenological approach explored experiences between 1981 and 2023 through focus groups and convenience sampling. Participants were recruited through telephone calls and telematic meetings using Microsoft Teams. Four key themes were identified: the stigmatization of inmates, changes in nursing, the importance of training and resources, and equal treatment between genders. RESULTS: The nursing vision focused on gathering information, providing comprehensive patient support, and sharing personal experiences. DISCUSSION: This research provides a historical perspective on the adaptation of prison nursing to the pandemic, highlighting coping processes and suggesting future lines of research on the experiences of inmates, prison guards, and surveillance officers. CONCLUSIONS: We highlight the low media visibility of the pandemic in prisons, underlining the importance of understanding and valuing the nursing experience in prison settings during health crises.

Efectividad del programa de mantenimiento con opioides para el tratamiento de su dependencia, en prisión / Effectiveness of opioid maintenance programs for treating drug dependence in prisons

Objetivos: Evaluar la efectividad del programa de mantenimiento con opioides en el tratamiento de su dependencia en prisiones españolas. Material y método: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica narrativa en las siguientes bases de datos: PubMed, Cochrane, IBECS, LILACS y HealthCare. Se eligieron preferentemente todos aquellos ensayos clínicos, así como artículos de revisión sistemática y algún artículo que se consideró relevante por su contenido. El periodo de tiempo se limitó entre enero de 2011 y noviembre de 2021. El idioma de búsqueda fue: inglés, español y catalán. Se rechazaron los artículos repetidos y los que no tuvieron relación con los objetivos. Los criterios de búsqueda fueron: methadone AND prisons; opiate substitution treatment AND prisons; methadone AND buprenorphine; methadone OR buprenorphine; prisons AND Methadone AND buprenorphine. Resultados: Fueron seleccionados 20 artículos de 647 consultados, tras la aplicación de los filtros correspondientes y tras descartar los artículos duplicados. Discusión: Se evidenció una ligera mayor efectividad de la buprenorfina frente a la metadona. Se destacó una elevada prevalencia del programa, así como variedad de efectos adversos de la metadona. Su utilidad sobre el comportamiento obtiene disparidad de opiniones. Se anuncia la posibilidad de nuevas alternativas de tratamiento con un mejor control farmacológico. (AU)

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of opioid maintenance programs in treating opioid dependence in Spanish prisons. Material and method: A narrative bibliographic review was carried out on the following databases: PubMed; Cochrane; IBECS; LILACS; HealthCare. All clinical trials were chosen as a preference, along with systematic review articles and some articles that were considered relevant for their content. The time period was limited to between January 2011 and November 2021. The languages chosen were English, Spanish and Catalan. Repeated articles and those that were not related to the objectives were rejected. The search criteria were: “methadone AND prisons”; “opiate substitution treatment AND prisons”; “methadone AND buprenorphine”; “methadone OR buprenorphine”; “prisons AND Methadone AND buprenorphine”. Results: 20 articles were selected out of 647 items consulted after applying the corresponding filters and after discarding duplicates. Discussion: There was a slightly greater effectiveness of buprenorphine versus methadone. The high prevalence of the program was highlighted, as well as the variety of adverse effects of methadone. Usefulness with regard to inmates’ behavior showed a range of opinions. The possibility of new treatment alternatives with better pharmacological control is mentioned. (AU)

Validity and reliability of an android device for the assessment of fall risk in older adult inmates.

AIM: To validate the Android device, FallSkip, as a tool to assess the fallers in older adult inmates. DESIGN: A cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study. METHODS: For the validation of the FallSkip, the diagnostic criterion used was the risk of having suffered a fall during the last year. RESULTS: The results for the FallSkip tool were as follows: sensitivity 60.7%; specificity 83.0%; positive predictive value 65.4%; negative predictive value 80.0%; accuracy 75.3%. In total, 32.1% of participants were found to be at high risk of falls, 23.5% were at mild risk and 7.4% were found to have no risk. CONCLUSION: The FallSkip device is shown to be a very suitable tool for fall risk assessment. The sample studied presented a statistically significant percentage of fall risk, which made it necessary to carry out interventions through physical activities to improve balance and stability.

Effectiveness of opioid maintenance programs for treating drug dependence in prisons.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of opioid maintenance programs in treating opioid dependence in Spanish prisons. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A narrative bibliographic review was carried out on the following databases: PubMed; Cochrane; IBECS; LILACS; HealthCare. All clinical trials were chosen as a preference, along with systematic review articles and some articles that were considered relevant for their content. The time period was limited to between January 2011 and November 2021. The languages chosen were English, Spanish and Catalan. Repeated articles and those that were not related to the objectives were rejected. The search criteria were: "methadone AND prisons"; "opiate substitution treatment AND prisons"; "methadone AND buprenorphine"; "methadone OR buprenorphine"; "prisons AND Methadone AND buprenorphine". RESULTS: 20 articles were selected out of 647 items consulted after applying the corresponding filters and after discarding duplicates. DISCUSSION: There was a slightly greater effectiveness of buprenorphine versus methadone. The high prevalence of the program was highlighted, as well as the variety of adverse effects of methadone. Usefulness with regard to inmates' behavior showed a range of opinions. The possibility of new treatment alternatives with better pharmacological control is mentioned.

El estigma asociado a los trastornos mentales en el paciente geriátrico: una revisión integradora / Mental health-related stigma in the geriatric patient: an integrative review

Objetivos: Analizar el estigma asociado a la enfermedad mental. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión integradora de carácter descriptivo, realizando una búsqueda bibliográfica utilizando palabras clave relacionadas con el estigma social, el estigma personal y la enfermedad mental. Resultados: Tras la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión establecidos, se seleccionaron y estudiaron un total de 21 artículos. Conclusiones: La literatura consultada muestra que el estigma hacia los trastornos mentales sigue siendo un problema en la sociedad actual, y que acarrea graves consecuencias tanto para los pacientes como para sus familiares (AU)

Objectives: To analyze the stigma associated with mental illness. Methodology: An integrative descriptive review was carried out. The bibliographic search was accomplished using keywords related to social stigma, personal stigma and mental illness. Results: After applying the established inclusion criteria, a total of 21 articles were selected and studied. Conclusions: The spoted literature shows that stigma towards mental disorders continues to be a problem in today’s society, and that it has serious consequences for both patients and their families (AU)

Psychological distress in relatives of critically ill patients: Risk and protective factors.

The admission to an intensive care unit can result in a significant burden of emotional distress in the family. This study analyzes the psychological distress of 89 relatives of intensive care unit patients and the potential risk/protective factors for such distress. Families show high levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. Regarding risk factors, having steady partner, being a woman, and being a mother are associated with increased risk of anxiety, depression, and stress. Contrarily, being younger and having higher educational level are associated with reduced anxiety and stress. Influencing these trends could change positively the suffering course experienced by relatives and intensive care unit patients indirectly.

Characteristics and Circumstances of Falls in the Community-Dwelling Older Adult Population.

Objective: The study aimed to describe the characteristics and circumstances of falls in the community-dwelling older adult population. Design: This was a cross-sectional observational and descriptive study involving primary health care centers in Lleida and Castellón de la Plana, Spain. Randomized sampling was used to include 966 individuals aged 75 years or older residing in single-family homes and in possession of a health care card. Data were obtained using the Survey on Fragility in Older People in Lleida (FRALLE survey). Study variables included the occurrence of falls in the past year and fall characteristics such as whether it was a first or successive fall, cause, season, and time of the day the fall occurred, whether the respondent fell flat on the ground, and time the participant remained on the floor. Other variables involved the circumstances of the fall, including the general location of the fall and specific location within the home if applicable, lighting/weather conditions, objects which may have precipitated the fall, floor conditions, and type of footwear. Results: The prevalence of falls was 25.9% with regard to the previous year, with 70% of these participants reporting having fallen previously. Falls most often occurred by accident, during the daytime, and in the winter. Variables that showed statistical significance with regard to age group were: falling flat on the ground (P = .031), fall location (P = .000), presence of an object favoring the fall (P = .039), floor conditions (P = .011), and type of footwear (P = .029). By sex, variables that showed statistical significance included the need for assistance to get up (P = .045) and type of footwear (P = .028). Conclusions: The prevalence of falls was found to be similar in the studied cities. The results show the most common characteristics and circumstances of falls in older adults in the community, making it possible to guide future preventive strategies.

Factores asociados a la depresión en personas mayores de 75 años de edad en un área urbana / Factors associated with depression in older adults over the age of 75 living in an urban area

Introducción: la presencia de síntomas depresivos en los mayores es un problema importante de salud, se puede considerar como la alteración de la salud mental, más frecuente en ancianos en los países desarrollados. Se asocia al sufrimiento y a un incremento de la prevalencia y mala evolución de los problemas de salud. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de la depresión y factores asociados en personas mayores de 75 años de la ciudad de Castellón de la Plana. Material y métodos: estudio observacional, transversal y analítico, realizado mediante cuestionario sobre una muestra de 400 individuos mayores de 75 años residentes en la comunidad, que fueron seleccionados mediante muestreo intencionado durante el año 2015. Resultados: prevalencia de síntomas depresivos 30,5%, las mujeres los presentan en mayor proporción (40,1%). Los mayores que viven solos presentan en mayor medida síntomas de depresión 26,6% frente al 16,1% (p= 0,011). La buena autopercepción de la salud se relaciona con menor proporción de síntomas depresivos y en relación a la fragilidad, los individuos no frágiles presentan síntomas depresivos en menor proporción (12,1%) que los frágiles (30,8%) y los prefragiles (57%) p<0,05. Los aspectos negativos en las relaciones sociales obtienen una puntuación media menor (0,003) en los individuos sin síntomas depresivos (p=0.006). Conclusiones: existe asociación entre la presencia de síntomas depresivos y el sexo, autopercepción de salud, convivencia y fragilidad

Introduction: depression in older adults is a major health problem, and it is considered the most common psychiatric disorder among this population in developing countries. It is associated with suffering and increased prevalence and poor evolution of health problems. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of depression and related factors in people over the age of 75 years in the city of Castellón de la Plana, Spain. Methodology: this was an observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study in which a questionnaire was administered to a sample of 400 community-dwelling older adults over the age of 75 and who were selected using purposive sampling in 2015. Results: the overall prevalence of depression symptoms was 30.5%, a percentage higher among women (40.1%). Older adults living alone presented more symptoms of depression, 26.6% compared with 16.1% (p = 0.011). Good self-perceived health was related to fewer depression symptoms. Non-frail individuals presented lower rates of depression symptoms (12.1%) than frail (30.8%), and pre-frail individuals (57%) p<0.05. Negative aspects in social relationships showed a lower mean score (0.003) in individuals without depression symptoms (p = 0.006). Conclusions: there is a link between the presence of depression symptoms and gender, self-perceived health, living condition, and frailty

Una guía de práctica clínica aplicada al tratamiento de desnutrición en ancianos institucionalizados / A guideline for clinical practice apply to the treatment of malnutrition in institutionalized elderly

Objetivos: Mejorar el estado nutricional del paciente institucionalizado y evaluar la intervención de un soporte nutricional adecuado. Metodología: Estudio cuasi experimental, con diseño pre-post en un único grupo de residentes en la Residencia San Llorenç de Vila-real (Castellón). Para determinar el estado nutricional del residente se utilizaron la escala Mini-Nutritional Assessment II y los parámetros antropométricos y analíticos medidos antes y después de la aplicación de la guía de práctica clínica. Resultados: En el presente estudio se confirma que existen diferentes factores de riesgo para la desnutrición en las personas mayores y que esta puede ser tratada de forma precoz y efectiva si se lleva a cabo una buena valoración nutricional detectando estos factores de riesgo. Conclusiones: Podemos afirmar que los suplementos nutricionales orales son la mejor medida frente a la desnutrición, ya que los parámetros analíticos y antropométricos mejoran de forma favorable, por lo que se trata de una medida justificada y efectiva

Objetive: Improving the nutritional status of the institutionalized patient and evaluate the intervention of adequate nutritional support. Methodology: A quasi experimental study with pre-post design in a unique group of residents in the Residencia San Llorenç of Vila-real (Castellón). Using to determine the nutritional status of the resident the Mini Nutritional Assessment II scale and and the analytical and anthropometric parameters measured before and after the application of the practical guideline. Results: In the present study confirmed that different risk factors exist for the malnutrition in the elderly and it can be treated early and effectively if it takes place a good nutritional assessment detecting this risk factors. Conclusions: We can say that oral nutritional supplements are the best measure front malnutrition since analytical and anthropometric parameters improve favorably, therefore, it's a justified and effective measure

Análisis de los factores contribuyentes a la desnutrición en ancianos no institucionalizados / Analysis of the factors contributing to malnutrition in non-institutionalized elderly

INTRODUCCIÓN: La detección precoz del riesgo de desnutrición es un factor clave para actuar de forma efectiva y minimizar los efectos negativos asociados a la malnutrición en el anciano. OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores relacionados con el riesgo de desnutrición en personas mayores no institucionalizas. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio observacional de corte transversal analítico, realizado mediante cuestionario sobre una muestra (n=400) de población mayor de 75 años no institucionalizada en Castellón durante 2015. Las variables estudiadas son: sociodemográficas, riesgo de desnutrición medida mediante el MNA-SF, la fragilidad mediante los criterios de Fried, comorbilidad medida con el índice de Chalson, discapacidad básica e instrumental, valoradas con el índice de Katz y el índice de Lawton & Brody respectivamente, síntomas depresivos medidos con la escala CES-D y hábitos de vida. RESULTADOS: el 28,2% de individuos presentaban riesgo de desnutrición, Se relaciona con mayor riesgo de desnutrición ser mujer (62,2%) (p= 0,027), tener ingresos más bajos (43,5%) (p = 0,030), consumo de alcohol (29,1%) (p = 0,039), discapacidad básica (42,1%) (P=0,013), síntomas depresivos (50%) (p=<0,001) y la polimedicación (83,8%) (p = 0,015). CONCLUSIÓN: El riesgo de desnutrición se asocia a ser mujer, al nivel de ingresos y a la discapacidad básica e instrumental y a la presencia de síntomas depresivos

INTRODUCTION: Early detection of malnutrition risk is a key factor to act effectively and minimize the negative effects associated with malnutrition in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: To know the factors that contribute to the risk of malnutrition in the elderly living in the community. METHODOLOGY: Observational cross-sectional analytical study, carried out by means of a questionnaire on a sample (n = 400) of a population over 75 years old that was not institutionalized in Castellón during 2015. RESULTS: 28.2% of individuals were at risk of malnutrition, being related to a higher risk of malnutrition being a woman (62.2%) (p = 0.027), having lower income (43.5%) (p = 0.030), alcohol consumption (29.1%) (p = 0.039), basic disability (42.1%) (P = 0.013), depressive symptoms (50%) (p = <0.001) and polypharmacy (83.8%) (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION: The risk of malnutrition is associated with being a woman, at the level of income, basic and instrumental disability, and the presence of depressive symptoms

Problemas del sueño en los mayores / Sleep problems in the elderly

Objetivos: Comparar el sueño en los diferentes tipos de paciente y ver cómo influyen en este las diferentes variables, como la toma de fármacos para dormir, la realización de actividad física o las enfermedades asociadas. Metodología: Estudio observacional descriptivo transversal mediante la administración de un cuestionario autoadministrado a la muestra de 57 pacientes en la Residencia San Llorenç de Vila-real, provincia de Castellón, Comunidad Valenciana, en el período que dura el estudio. Resultados: Tras analizar los datos obtenidos del cuestionario en el SPSS se obtienen resultados, como el sexo donde aparecen con más frecuencia trastornos del sueño, que es el masculino, con un 69,2% frente al 52% de las mujeres, así como también el grupo de edad donde más se presentan, que es entre los 86 y los 95 años, con un 64,7% de incidencia. Además, se ha comprobado que un 69% de los residentes que toman medicación duermen mal. No se han obtenido resultados relevantes en cuanto a la actividad física o sobre la patología de base. Conclusiones: Como resultado de la investigación podemos concluir que no todas las variables que se propusieron influyen en el anciano; tan solo lo hacen el sexo, la edad y la medicación de forma relevante. La significación del estudio reside en la cantidad de ancianos que padecen trastornos del sueño y el mal control que se tiene sobre este

Objectives: To compare sleep in different types of patients and see how our variables influences on it. Methodology: Transversal descriptive observational study through the administration of an autoadministered questionary to the sample of 57 patients in Residencia San Llorenç of Vila-real, province of Castellón, Comunidad Valenciana in the period of time that this study lasts. Results: After analyzing the data obtained by the questionary on the SPSS, are obtained results as the most frequent sex where appear sleep disorders are male with a 69.2% in front of the 52% of the women. As well as the group of age where they are given are between 86 and 95 years with a 64.7% of incidence. Also, it has been proven that a 69% of the residents who take pills sleep bad. No relevant results were obtained in terms of physical activity or the underlying disease. Conclusions: As a result of the investigation we can conclude that not all the variables that are proposed influence in the elderly only do the gender, the age and the medication in a relevant way. The significance of the study is the quantity of elderly who have a sleep disorder and the poor control that we have over it

Fatores associados à qualidade de vida dos idosos / Factores asociados a la calidad de vida de las personas mayores / Factors associated with the quality of life of older people

Resumo Objetivo: Examinar as relações entre qualidade de vida, nutrição e fragilidade em indivíduos não institucionalizados com idade acima de 75 anos. Método: Estudo observacional, transversal e analítico realizado através da aplicação de um questionário com uma amostra de indivíduos com mais de 75 anos de idade residentes na comunidade e selecionados através de amostragem por conveniência durante o ano de 2015. Resultados: Uma proporção maior de mulheres apresentou baixa qualidade de vida em relação aos homens: 20,9% contra 9% (p<0,01). O risco de desnutrição foi associado a baixa qualidade de vida (35%) (23,4%) (p<0,000). Uma proporção maior de indivíduos fragilizados apresentou baixa qualidade de vida: 55,7% contra 17,4% (p<0.000). Conclusão: A qualidade de vida dos idosos é influenciada pela presença de sintomas de depressão, estado nutricional, sexo, fragilidade e incapacidade básica e instrumental.

Resumen Objetivo: Examinar las relaciones entre calidad de vida, nutrición y fragilidad en individuos no institucionalizados con edad superior a 75 años. Método: Estudio observacional, transversal y analítico realizado durante el año 2015, a través de la aplicación de un cuestionario con una muestra de individuos con más de 75 años de edad residentes en la comunidad y seleccionados a través de muestreo por conveniencia. Resultados: Una proporción mayor de mujeres presentó baja calidad de vida en relación con los hombres: 20,9% contra 9% (p <0,01). El riesgo de desnutrición se asoció a una baja calidad de vida (35%) (23,4%) (p <0,000). Una proporción mayor de individuos fragilizados presentó baja calidad de vida: 55,7% contra 17,4% (p <0.000). Conclusión: La calidad de vida de los ancianos es influenciada por la presencia de síntomas de depresión, estado nutricional, sexo, fragilidad e incapacidad básica e instrumental.

Abstract Objective: Examine the relationships between quality of life, nutrition and frailty in non-institutionalized people older than 75 years of age. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional, analytical study conducted using a questionnaire with a sample of individuals older than 75 years of age residing in the community, who were selected via convenience sampling during 2015. Results: A larger proportion of women had poor quality of life than men: 20.9% as opposed to 9% (p<0.01). Malnutrition risk was associated with low quality of life (35%) (23.4%) (p<0.000). A larger proportion of frail individuals had poor quality of life: 55.7% against 17.4% (p<0.000). Conclusion: Quality of life of older people is influenced by the presence of depression symptoms, nutritional status, sex, frailty and basic and instrumental disability.

Estudio de fragilidad en adultos mayores. Diseño metodológico / Study of the elderly frailty. Methodological design

Objetivo: Conocer y analizar las 9 dimensiones de vida relacionada con la fragilidad de las personas mayores de 75 y más años de edad residentes en la comunidad de la ciudad de Castellón de la Plana. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, dirigido a 992 personas de 75 y más años de edad, que disponen de tarjeta sanitaria y residen en viviendas familiares, a través de un muestreo aleatorio estratificado. Se realiza un cuestionario personal a través de la encuesta FRALLE, que recoge los criterios de fragilidad junto a las 9 dimensiones de vida. Resultados: Tres meses después del inicio del estudio se han captado 316 individuos, lo que supone el 31,9% del total de la muestra requerida. Conclusiones: La participación del personal previamente entrenado ha facilitado el acceso a la población y la respuesta obtenida. La encuesta FRALLE ofrece rigurosidad y validez ajustada a la consecución de los objetivos del estudio actual. La colaboración clínico-universitaria es importante para la obtención de resultados y el desarrollo de intervenciones posteriores

Objective: To know and analyse the 9 dimensions of life related to the frailty of elderly people aged 75 and over who live in the local community of Castellón de la Plana. Methodology: Descriptive and transversal study, involving 992 elderly people of 75 years old or over, who have a health card and live in familiar dwellings, by means of a stratified random sample. A personal questionnaire was conducted using the FRALLE survey, which collects the frailty criteria and the 9 dimensions of life. Results: Three months after starting our research, 316 individuals have participated in the study which means 31.9% of the expected total sample. Conclusions: The involvement of the previously trained nursing staff has eased the Access to the elderly and the data collected. The FRALLE survey offers scientific rigour and validity suitable for the achievement of the current study objectives. The collaboration between nursing and academia is important to obtain the results and the development of subsequent interventions