ABSTRACT
During the 2012/2013 growing season, potato tubers and stems showing rotting tissue and black discoloration, respectively, were obtained for analysis from Nyandarua and Mau Narok areas of Kenya, where potatoes are widely grown. During this period, more than 50% of the farms across Kenya reported cases of soft rot and blackleg diseases. Soft rot and blackleg diseases account for as much as 1/4 of the annual potato losses in Kenya. Bacteria from infected potato tuber and stem samples were isolated on nutrient agar then transferred to crystal violet polypectate medium (CVP) according to established standard procedures (3). All pit-forming (n = 48) strains were purified on nutrient agar and stored in 30% glycerol at -80°C for further use. All strains grew at 28°C and 37°C. PCR with pel gene specific primers (Y1/Y2) produced a 434-bp product and confirmed that all 48 strains have the gene sequence coding for pectate lyase specific for Pectobacterium spp. (1). Primers (Br1f/L1r) identified 1/3 of these strains as Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense based on their characteristic 322 bp (2). The other Pectobacterium spp. are currently undergoing further characterization. To further identify these pectolytic strains, a multi locus sequence typing (MLST) approach was employed (4). To this end, partial nucleotide sequences of the housekeeping genes mdh and gapA (accession nos. KF72004 to KF72009) showed 92% similarity to the Pcb1692 reference strain in GenBank. These results were in agreement with those obtained by species-specific primers. Phylogenetic analysis of the 679-bp concatenated partial gene sequences grouped strains collected in this study together with Pectobacterium subsp. brasiliense strains identified in other parts of the world with a 98% bootstrap support value. Three randomly selected Kenyan strains and Pcb1692 reference strain were inoculated into potato tubers in our research laboratory by making 1-cm holes into the tubers using a sterile pipette tip and thereafter injecting 10 µl (at 1.0 × 106 cfu/ml) into the tuber for pathogenicity assays. A negative control of 10 mM MgSO4 was included and all the inoculated holes sealed with petroleum jelly to avoid contamination. This experiment consisted of five potato tubers per strain in three independent assays. All three representative strains induced water soaked soft symptoms similar to the symptoms previously observed on infected potato tubers. Furthermore, when bacterial suspensions of 1.0 × 106 cfu/ml isolated strains and the Pcb1692 reference strain were inoculated onto potato stems maintained at 28°C, blackleg and wilting of the stems occurred within a period of 3 to 21 days. No symptoms were observed in potato tubers or stems inoculated with the negative control (MgSO4). PCR with Br1f/L1r primers confirmed that the re-isolated bacteria were P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense. To our knowledge, this is the first occurrence of P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense on potatoes in Kenya. References: (1) A. Darrasse et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1437, 1994. (2) V. Duarte et al. J. Appl. Microbiol. 96:535, 2004. (3) L. J. Hyman et al. Potato Res. 44:265, 2001. (4) Ma et al. Phytopathology 97:1150, 2007.
ABSTRACT
The study of plant parasitic nematodes such as Meloidogyne spp. and their interactions with phytopathogenic bacteria remains underexplored. One of the challenges towards establishing such interactions is the dependence on symptom development as a measure of interaction. In this study, mCherry was employed as a reporter protein to investigate the interaction between the soft rot Enterobacteriaceae (SRE) Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis (Pcb) and root-knot nematode (M. incognita). Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis was transformed with pMP7604 generating Pcb_mCherry strain. This strain was shown to attach to the surface coat of M.incognita J2 at the optimum temperature of 28°C. This suggests that RKN juveniles may play a role in disseminating Pcb in soils that are heavily infested with Pcb. The presence of RKN juveniles was shown to play a role in introducing Pcb_mCherry into potato tubers potentially acting as a source of latent tuber infections.
