The state of food systems worldwide in the countdown to 2030.

This Analysis presents a recently developed food system indicator framework and holistic monitoring architecture to track food system transformation towards global development, health and sustainability goals. Five themes are considered: (1) diets, nutrition and health; (2) environment, natural resources and production; (3) livelihoods, poverty and equity; (4) governance; and (5) resilience. Each theme is divided into three to five indicator domains, and indicators were selected to reflect each domain through a consultative process. In total, 50 indicators were selected, with at least one indicator available for every domain. Harmonized data of these 50 indicators provide a baseline assessment of the world's food systems. We show that every country can claim positive outcomes in some parts of food systems, but none are among the highest ranked across all domains. Furthermore, some indicators are independent of national income, and each highlights a specific aspiration for healthy, sustainable and just food systems. The Food Systems Countdown Initiative will track food systems annually to 2030, amending the framework as new indicators or better data emerge.

Food Parenting Practices Promoted by Childcare and Primary Healthcare Centers in Chile: What Influences Do These Practices Have on Parents? A Qualitative Study.

Chile, like many other countries in the world, is experiencing a high prevalence of childhood overweight. Among the factors influencing children's eating behaviors are the food parenting practices promoted by community organizations. More information is needed on the influences of these recommendations on the parenting practices of parents of preschoolers. This study examined what types of food parenting practices are promoted in childcare and primary healthcare centers and how these recommendations influence subsequent parental behavior. Interviews using photo-elicitation were conducted with 25 parents of Chilean preschoolers. The interviews were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Five themes were identified to describe food parenting practices promoted by community organizations and the influences that these practices had on parents of preschoolers. Healthcare centers were found to educate parents and provided a structured feeding. However, parents found their advice regarding dietary restriction challenging to follow. Childcare centers also provided information about healthy diet, food monitoring, and diversifying the child's diet in a way that was perceived as adequate. While childcare centers encouraged structured and autonomous food parenting practices in a positive and supportive manner, healthcare centers tended to provide more restrictive guidance that posed challenges for parents struggling with preschool nutritional care.

Exploring parents' perspectives on feeding their young children: a qualitative study using photo-elicitation in Chile.

OBJECTIVE: Childhood obesity is considered one of the most important public health problems around the world. Chile is currently one of the Latin American countries with a high prevalence of childhood obesity. Given that parents' food parenting practices shape their children's lifelong eating habits, addressing those practices is key to curbing later problems of obesity. However, studies of the influences on Chilean parents' food parenting practices are scarce. Hence, this study explores factors that influence food parenting practices of preschool-aged children in Chile. DESIGN: Qualitative research, using interviews with the photo-elicitation technique. SETTING: Metropolitan Region, Chile. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-five parents from families recruited from public childcare centres. RESULTS: Through a thematic analysis with an inductive approach, we identified five themes that influence food parenting practices: (1) parents' previous experiences and how they determine their current goals and beliefs; (2) responses to the child's characteristics; (3) the influences of other family members, especially grandparents; (4) parents' nutritional knowledge; and (5) living contexts, especially limited budgets and lack of time. CONCLUSIONS: The study reveals multilevel influences, which converge at the family level, on food parenting practices. A family-centrerd approach that addresses the mentioned influences is necessary to improve the management of the childhood obesity problem in Chile.

Influencias familiares en las prácticas de alimentación materna a niños preescolares de familias vulnerables de la Región Metropolitana de Chile / Family influences on maternal feeding practices of preschool children from vulnerable families in the Metropolitan Region of Chile

Objetivo: Explorar las influencias de integrantes del grupo familiar en las prácticas de alimentación de madres hacia preescolares, en familias de barrios vulnerables en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago, Chile. Diseño: Estudio cualitativo. Lugar: Nueve jardines infantiles de la Región Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile. Participantes: Veinticuatro madres y un padre de hijos preescolares. Método: Se realizaron 25 entrevistas semiestructuradas con técnica de foto-elicitación y su posterior análisis temático inductivo de las influencias familiares. Resultados: Las participantes describieron que las influencias familiares sobre las prácticas de alimentación que aplicaban en sus hijos preescolares dependían de la estructura familiar y de la cercanía entre familiares. Algunas de estas influencias afectan directamente la conducta alimentaria del niño, especialmente en familiares que cohabitan juntos, mientras que otras estaban mediadas por las relaciones generadas entre padres y otros miembros de la familia. El padre, en familias biparentales, y abuelos del preescolar son los familiares más influyentes. Los padres participan en la alimentación del niño y generalmente se alinean a las prácticas de alimentación con la madre. Los abuelos enriquecen la experiencia alimentaria de preescolares ofreciendo preparaciones caseras, expresando afecto con los alimentos, incluso opciones poco saludables, y apoyando a padres a diversificar y estructurar la alimentación del niño. Conclusiones: El impacto de familiares y sus dinámicas en las prácticas alimentarias parentales y la alimentación de preescolares varían según la cercanía o cohabitación entre familiares. El desarrollo de estrategias de prevención y tratamiento de obesidad infantil debería considerar un enfoque familiar en familias vulnerables.(AU)

Objective: To explore family members’ influences on mothers’ feeding practices of preschoolers in Chilean families residing in vulnerable neighborhoods from the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile. Design: Qualitative study. Location: Nine child care centers in Región Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile. Participants: Twenty-four mothers and one father of preschool children. Method: Photo-elicitation techniques were applied to 25 semi-structured interviews and their subsequent inductive thematic analysis of family influences. Results: The participants described that the family influences on their feeding practices depended on the family structure and the interpersonal closeness between relatives. Some influences directly affected child eating behavior, especially in relatives who live together, while others were mediated by the relationships generated between parents and other members of the family. Fathers, in two-parent families, and grandparents are the most influential relatives on the participants’ feeding practices. Generally, fathers participated and were in line with the mother's feeding practices of their children. Grandparents enriched their grandchildren's eating experiences by offering homemade preparations, expressing affection with food, including unhealthy options, and supporting parents to diversifying and structuring feeding practices. Conclusions: According to their interpersonal closeness or cohabitation, parental feeding practices and child eating behaviors were impacted by family members and their dynamics. The development of strategies to prevent and treat childhood obesity should consider a family approach in vulnerable families.(AU)

[Family influences on maternal feeding practices of preschool children from vulnerable families in the Metropolitan Region of Chile]. / Influencias familiares en las prácticas de alimentación materna a niños preescolares de familias vulnerables de la Región Metropolitana de Chile.

OBJECTIVE: To explore family members' influences on mothers' feeding practices of preschoolers in Chilean families residing in vulnerable neighborhoods from the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile. DESIGN: Qualitative study. LOCATION: Nine child care centers in Región Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-four mothers and one father of preschool children. METHOD: Photo-elicitation techniques were applied to 25 semi-structured interviews and their subsequent inductive thematic analysis of family influences. RESULTS: The participants described that the family influences on their feeding practices depended on the family structure and the interpersonal closeness between relatives. Some influences directly affected child eating behavior, especially in relatives who live together, while others were mediated by the relationships generated between parents and other members of the family. Fathers, in two-parent families, and grandparents are the most influential relatives on the participants' feeding practices. Generally, fathers participated and were in line with the mother's feeding practices of their children. Grandparents enriched their grandchildren's eating experiences by offering homemade preparations, expressing affection with food, including unhealthy options, and supporting parents to diversifying and structuring feeding practices. CONCLUSIONS: According to their interpersonal closeness or cohabitation, parental feeding practices and child eating behaviors were impacted by family members and their dynamics. The development of strategies to prevent and treat childhood obesity should consider a family approach in vulnerable families.

Pectin Esterification Degree in the Bioavailability of Non-heme Iron in Women.

Pectins are a type of soluble fiber present in natural and processed foods. Evidence regarding the effect of esterification degree of pectins on iron absorption in humans is scarce. In the present study, the effect of pectins with different degrees of esterification on non-heme iron absorption in women was evaluated. A controlled experimental study was conducted with block design, involving 13 apparently healthy, adult women. Each subject received 5 mg Fe (FeSO4) without pectin (control) or accompanied by 5 g citrus pectin, two with a low degree of esterification (27 and 36%), and one with a high degree of esterification (67 to 73%), each on different days. Each day, the 5 mg Fe doses were marked with radioactive 59Fe or 55Fe. Radioactivity incorporated into erythrocytes was determined in blood samples 14 days after the marked Fe doses were consumed. On days 18 and 36 of study, 30 and 20 mL blood samples were obtained, respectively, and blood sample radioactivity incorporated into erythrocytes was determined. Body iron status was determined from blood taken on day 18. Whole body blood volume was estimated for calculate iron bioavailability; it was assumed that 80% of absorbed radioactivity was incorporated into the Hb. All women participants signed an informed consent of participation at baseline. Iron bioavailability (mean geometric ±1 SD) alone (control) was 18.2% (12.3-27.1%), iron + pectin27 was 17.2% (10.2-29.2%), iron + pectin36 was 15.3% (9.5-24.6%), and iron + pectin67 was 19.5% (10.0-38.0%). No statistically significant differences between iron bioavailability (repeated measures ANOVA, p = 0.22) were observed. Pectin esterification degree does not influence the bioavailability of non-heme iron in women.

La casa de los sueños: ocupación, actividad transgresora y construcción de identidad / The house of dreams: occupation, transgressive activity and identity construction

El estudio pretende comprender cómo los niños que han transgredido la ley, vinculan su contexto social y ámbitos contextuales a sus actividades significativas, entre ellas la actividad transgresora, como elementos constructores de su identidad y cotidianidad, desde un enfoque socio-histórico. El foco de investigación, fueron niños que se encuentran en régimen residencial en el Centro de Reparación Especializada de Atención Directa (CREAD-Pudahuel), específicamente en la casa “De los Sueños”. La metodología utilizada fue cualitativa con alcance exploratorio, descriptivo analítico. La recopilación de información se realizó mediante entrevistas semi-estructuradas a profesionales y niños cuyas edades fluctúan entre 10 y 14 años. Complementado con observación participante por medio de juego grupal con los niños. El análisis de datos se realizó siguiendo la Teoría Fundamentada propuesta por Glaser y Struss (Glaser, 1967). Los resultados aluden a que la significación positiva de la actividad transgresora es facilitada por distintos contextos. Donde las ocupaciones están determinadas por las oportunidades, las características de estos ámbitos y por la vivencia de logro y autoeficacia experimentadas en dichas ocupaciones. Es así, como estas promueven la construcción de identidad en torno a la ocupación realizada y como esta favorece su participación e inclusión social. Lo anterior plantea desafíos para Terapia Ocupacional en tanto pueda plantear cambios contextuales que favorezcan mayores posibilidades a los niños y alternativas a la ocupación transgresora.

This research aims to how children who have the law relate their social environment to their main activities, such as the transgressive activity itself. It also aims to show how it influences their identity, and everyday life, from a socio-historic point of view. The research focus on children who temporarily live at the center “Centro de Reparación Especializada de Atención Directa” (CREAD-Pudahuel), specifically at “La Casa de los sueños (The Dream House) the ages for the sample fluctuate between 10 and 14. This research has a powerful descriptive, qualitative analytical, and exploratory character. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with professionals and children, whose ages fluctuate between 10 and 14, and also by observation of group play activities The main results show that the positive significance of the transgressive activity is facilitated by different contexts, where jobs will be determined by the opportunities and the characteristics of these domains of context and the experience of accomplishment and self-efficacy that the child experiences in these occupations, thus promoting the construction of identity around the occupation done and how this promotes social participation and inclusion. This poses challenges for occupational therapy can raise both contextual changes that encourage development that provides greater opportunities for children.

Sobrecarga en cuidadores aymaras de pacientes con esquizofrenia / Burden of care in Aymara caregivers of patients with schizophrenia

Introducción. La introducción de los fármacos anti-psicóticos y la desinstitucionalización han colocado en los familiares de los pacientes que padecen esquizofrenia la responsabilidad del cuidado informal. Ello conlleva, muchas veces, a una alta sobrecarga para sus miembros. Existen escasos estudios que aborden esta temática en población indígena. El objetivo de esta investigación fue el evaluar los niveles de sobrecarga en familiares de pacientes con esquizofrenia pertenecientes a la etnia aymara (indígenas que se ubican en el altiplano al Norte de Chile). Material y métodos. La muestra estudiada corresponde a 45 cuidadores de pacientes con esquizofrenia usuarios del Servicio de Salud Mental de la ciudad de Arica, Chile. Resultados. La escala de Sobrecarga de Zarit clasifica a todos los familiares de etnia Aymara en la categoría de «sobrecarga intensa» a diferencia de los familiares no Aymaras quedaron clasificados de «sobrecarga leve». Se observa además diferencias significativas en la subescala de incompetencia donde los cuidadores aymaras perciben no sentirse capaz de cuidar al paciente con los recursos disponibles. Conclusiones. Se concluye que la pertenencia a esta minoría étnica incrementaría el riesgo psicopatológico que los cuidadores de pacientes psiquiátricos experimentan(AU)

Introduction. The introduction of anti-psychotic medication and the de-institutionalization have placed on the hands of their relatives the responsibility for their informal care. Many times, this role carries a high level of burden for all family members. There exist a few studies that approach this subject matter in groups of ethnic minority. The aim of this research was to describe the levels of burden in Aymaras caregivers (aborigines who are located on the highlands of Northen Chile) from Schizophrenia patients. Material and methods. The sample corresponds to 45 caregivers of patients with schizophrenia that receive treatment at the Mental Health Services in the city of Arica, Chile. Resultados. Zarit Burden Scale classifies all Aymara relatives in the category of "Intense Burden", unlike not Aymara relatives, which classified as "Low Burden". Significant differences are observed in the subscale of incompetence where the Aymara Cargivers perceive not to feel able of taking care of the patient with the available resources. Conclusions. It is concludes that belonging to this ethnic minority would increase the psychopathological risk that caregivers of psychiatric patients experience(AU)

[Burden of care in Aymara caregivers of patients with schizophrenia]. / Sobrecarga en cuidadores aymaras de pacientes con esquizofrenia.

INTRODUCTION: The introduction of anti-psychotic medication and the de-institutionalization have placed on the hands of their relatives the responsibility for their informal care. Many times, this role carries a high level of burden for all family members. There exist a few studies that approach this subject matter in groups of ethnic minority. The aim of this research was to describe the levels of burden in Aymaras caregivers (aborigines who are located on the highlands of Northen Chile) from Schizophrenia patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample corresponds to 45 caregivers of patients with schizophrenia that receive treatment at the Mental Health Services in the city of Arica, Chile. RESULTS: [corrected] Zarit Burden Scale classifies all Aymara relatives in the category of "Intense Burden", unlike not Aymara relatives, which classified as "Low Burden". Significant differences are observed in the subscale of incompetence where the Aymara Cargivers perceive not to feel able of taking care of the patient with the available resources. CONCLUSIONS: It is concludes that belonging to this ethnic minority would increase the psychopathological risk that caregivers of psychiatric patients experience.