Patient characteristics and pregnancy outcomes among Zika-infected pregnant women: Epidemiologic surveillance data from two cities in Colombia, 2015-2016.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics of pregnant women infected with Zika virus in two representative regions of Colombia, examine their pregnancy outcomes, and outline findings of the epidemiologic surveillance program established during the peak of the 2015-2016 epidemic. METHODS: A cohort study conducted in the municipalities of Cali and Villavicencio using data from the National Public Health Surveillance System (SIVIGILA) and clinical follow-up data from pregnant women. We describe sociodemographic characteristics, health insurance status, Zika virus, pregnancy-related characteristics, and pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 1259 Zika-infected pregnant women were identified in Cali; of these, 2.3% (n=27) experienced pregnancy loss, 9.5% (n=113) had preterm birth, and 7.9% (n=91) had a low birthweight neonate. In Villavicencio, 3.0% (n=13) experienced pregnancy loss, 6.9% (n=30) had preterm birth, and 6.7% (n=28) had a low birthweight neonate. Compared with the general population, this population of Zika-infected pregnant women did not experience an increased frequency of preterm birth or low birthweight (relative risk of prematurity and low birthweight infant <1). CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiologic surveillance data showed that most neonates of Zika-infected pregnant women were born at term, and that the frequency of low birthweight neonates was low. Good quality data were obtained from the surveillance registries.

[Cultural domains pertaining to malaria: an approach to non-institutional knowledge]. / Los dominios culturales de la malaria: una aproximación a los saberes no institucionales.

INTRODUCTION: Malaria control policies have not fully achieved the expected results due to little consideration of cultural aspects, among other factors. OBJECTIVE: To explore the cultural domains pertaining to this disease in an endemic Colombian population, in order to both design and implement effective action plans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A convenience sampling was conducted to select inhabitants from 12 villages in Tierralta, Córdoba. In order to generate free-lists, participants were asked about their communities' health problems, causes of malaria, control measures and those responsible for malaria control. Smith's indexes were calculated for each item answered. RESULTS: Between 30 and 38 individuals per village participated in the study (N=401). The mean age was 40.24 years (standard deviation (SD)=14.22) and women were 45.39% of the total. Participants recognized malaria and respiratory infections as the primary health problems in the community (median Smith's indexes: 0.83 and 0.63, respectively). A lack of environmental interventions was identified as the main determinant of malaria (median Smith's index: 0.65). Finally, the health care center (median Smith's index: 0.71) and health professionals (median Smith's index: 0.52) were identified as those most responsible for malaria control. CONCLUSIONS: The design of programs to reduce the impact of malaria requires developing interventions or initiatives that are adapted to the community's needs, demands and available resources. Free-listing is proposed as an effective tool to collect information about cultural domains related to health.

Los dominios culturales de la malaria: una aproximación a los saberes no institucionales / Cultural domains pertaining to malaria: An approach to non-institutional knowledge

Introducción. Las políticas de control de la malaria o paludismo no han logrado todos los resultados esperados, debido, entre otras razones, a la poca consideración prestada a los aspectos culturales. Objetivo. Explorar los dominios culturales en torno a esta enfermedad en una población colombiana asentada en zona endémica, con el propósito de diseñar e implementar planes de intervención efectivos. Materiales y métodos. Mediante muestreo por conveniencia se seleccionaron residentes de 12 veredas de Tierralta, Córdoba. Con el fin de generar listados libres, se les preguntó a los participantes sobre los problemas de salud en la comunidad, las causas de la malaria, las medidas de control y los responsables de aplicarlas. Para cada uno de estos ítems se calcularon índices de Smith. Resultados. Participaron entre 30 y 38 personas por vereda (n=401), con una edad promedio de 40,24 años (desviación estándar (DE)=14,22); las mujeres representaban 45,39 % del total de la población. El grupo de participantes reconoció la malaria y las infecciones respiratorias como los problemas de salud más importantes de la comunidad (mediana de los índices de Smith: 0,83 y 0,63, respectivamente). Se reconoció la falta de intervención en las condiciones ambientales como el factor más importante generador de la malaria (mediana del índice de Smith=0,65). Por último, los participantes identificaron al centro de salud (mediana del índice de Smith=0,71) y a los profesionales de la salud (mediana del índice de Smith=0,52) como los principales responsables del control de la malaria. Conclusiones. El diseño de programas para la reducción del impacto de la malaria exige la formulación de intervenciones o iniciativas que involucren la perspectiva de las comunidades y se adapten a las necesidades, demandas y recursos disponibles. La técnica de listados libres se propone como una alternativa eficiente de recolección de información sobre los dominios culturales relacionados con la salud.

Introduction: Malaria control policies have not fully achieved the expected results due to little consideration of cultural aspects, among other factors. Objective: To explore the cultural domains pertaining to this disease in an endemic Colombian population, in order to both design and implement effective action plans. Materials and methods: A convenience sampling was conducted to select inhabitants from 12 villages in Tierralta, Córdoba. In order to generate free-lists, participants were asked about their communities´ health problems, causes of malaria, control measures and those responsible for malaria control. Smith´s indexes were calculated for each item answered. Results: Between 30 and 38 individuals per village participated in the study (N=401). The mean age was 40.24 years (standard deviation (SD)=14.22) and women were 45.39% of the total. Participants recognized malaria and respiratory infections as the primary health problems in the community (median Smith´s indexes: 0.83 and 0.63, respectively). A lack of environmental interventions was identified as the main determinant of malaria (median Smith´s index: 0.65). Finally, the health care center (median Smith´s index: 0.71) and health professionals (median Smith´s index: 0.52) were identified as those most responsible for malaria control. Conclusions: The design of programs to reduce the impact of malaria requires developing interventions or initiatives that are adapted to the community´s needs, demands and available resources. Free-listing is proposed as an effective tool to collect information about cultural domains related to health.