Adherence to dietary recommendations by socioeconomic status in the United Kingdom biobank cohort study.

Introduction: Understanding how socioeconomic markers interact could inform future policies aimed at increasing adherence to a healthy diet. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 437,860 participants from the UK Biobank. Dietary intake was self-reported. Were used as measures socioeconomic education level, income and Townsend deprivation index. A healthy diet score was defined using current dietary recommendations for nine food items and one point was assigned for meeting the recommendation for each. Good adherence to a healthy diet was defined as the top 75th percentile, while poor adherence was defined as the lowest 25th percentile. Poisson regression was used to investigate adherence to dietary recommendations. Results: There were significant trends whereby diet scores tended to be less healthy as deprivation markers increased. The diet score trends were greater for education compared to area deprivation and income. Compared to participants with the highest level of education, those with the lowest education were found to be 48% less likely to adhere to a healthy diet (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.60-0.64). Additionally, participants with the lowest income level were 33% less likely to maintain a healthy diet (95% CI: 0.73-0.81), and those in the most deprived areas were 13% less likely (95% CI: 0.84-0.91). Discussion/conclussion: Among the three measured proxies of socioeconomic status - education, income, and area deprivation - low education emerged as the strongest factor associated with lower adherence to a healthy diet.

Relationship between commonly defined metabolic health phenotypes and obesity with lung function in a working population: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Four phenotypes relate metabolism and obesity: metabolically healthy (MHO) and unhealthy (MUO) people with obesity and metabolically healthy (MHNO) and unhealthy (MUNO) people without obesity. No studies have addressed the association between these categories and lung function in the working population. OBJECTIVES: The aim was to determine the relationship of phenotypes to lung ageing as measured by lung age and its relationship to lung dysfunction. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a working population. The outcome variable was lung function assessed by lung age. The four phenotypes of obesity and metabolic health (MHNO, MHO, MUO and MUNO) were determined using NCEP-ATP III criteria. Lung dysfunctions were classified into restrictive, obstructive, and mixed patterns. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 43.7 years, ranging from 18 to 67 years. Of the 1860 workers, 51.3 % were women. The prevalences found were 71.4 %, 12 %, 10.6 % and 6 % for MHNO, MUO, MHO, and MUNO, respectively. MHO (ß = 0.66; p = 0.591) was not associated with increased lung ageing compared with MHNO, but MUO (ß = 7.1; p < 0.001) and MUNO (ß = 6.6; p < 0.001) were. Concerning pulmonary dysfunctions, MUNO (OR = 1.93; p < 0.001) and MUO (OR = 2.91; p < 0.001) were found to be related to the presence of a restrictive pattern, and MUNO (OR = 2.40; p = 0.028) to the mixed pattern. CONCLUSION: The results show that metabolic abnormalities, not obesity, are responsible for premature lung ageing and, therefore, lung function decline. In our study, having obesity without metabolic abnormality was not significantly associated with the presence of dysfunctional respiratory patterns.

Association of a dietary inflammatory index with cardiometabolic, endocrine, liver, renal and bones biomarkers: cross-sectional analysis of the UK Biobank study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Research into the relationship between an Energy-adjusted Diet-Inflammatory Index (E-DII) and a wider health-related biomarkers profile is limited. Much of the existing evidence centers on traditional metabolic biomarkers in populations with chronic diseases, with scarce data on healthy individuals. Thus, this study aims to investigate the association between an E-DII score and 30 biomarkers spanning metabolic health, endocrine, bone health, liver function, cardiovascular, and renal functions, in healthy individuals. METHODS AND RESULTS: 66,978 healthy UK Biobank participants, the overall mean age was 55.3 (7.9) years were included in this cross-sectional study. E-DII scores, based on 18 food parameters, were categorised as anti-inflammatory (E-DII < -1), neutral (-1 to 1), and pro-inflammatory (>1). Regression analyses, adjusted for confounding factors, were conducted to investigate the association of 30 biomarkers with E-DII. Compared to those with an anti-inflammatory diet, individuals with a pro-inflammatory diet had increased levels of 16 biomarkers, including six cardiometabolic, five liver, and four renal markers. The concentration difference ranged from 0.27 SD for creatinine to 0.03 SD for total cholesterol. Conversely, those on a pro-inflammatory diet had decreased concentrations in six biomarkers, including two for endocrine and cardiometabolic. The association range varied from -0.04 for IGF-1 to -0.23 for SHBG. CONCLUSION: This study highlighted that a pro-inflammatory diet was associated with an adverse profile of biomarkers linked to cardiometabolic health, endocrine, liver function, and renal health.

Influence of gestational weight gain on the nutritional status of offspring at birth and at 5 years of age.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of pre-pregnancy maternal BMI and increases in maternal weight during pregnancy on perinatal and child outcomes at birth and at 5 years. RESEARCH DESIGN/SETTING: A prospective cohort study was conducted between November 2016 and December 2021. The participants were a total of 115 women-child dyads, selected from among pregnant women receiving routine prenatal care in different health centres belonging to 2 health districts. Follow-ups were conducted with the women during pregnancy and with their children during the 10 days after birth and at 5 years. FINDINGS: The total weight gain during pregnancy is influenced by an inadequate pre-pregnancy BMI (0.03; 95 % CI, 0.004 - 0.25; P=.001) and a greater increase in maternal BMI during the first and second term of pregnancy. A greater increase in BMI during pregnancy was associated with higher breastfeeding rates both in the short term (1.21; 95 % CI, 1.01-1.44; P = 0.04) and the long term (12 months: 1.30; 95 % CI, 1.02 - 1.67; P = 0.04; 24 months: 1.30; 95 % CI, 1.02 - 1.69; P = 0.04). No links were found between gains in maternal weight and the weight of the newborn, nor between maternal weight and/or pre-pregnancy BMI with the nutritional status of the child. KEY CONCLUSIONS: After studying these results, it was concluded that promoting and implementing health and education policies focused on enhancing maternal nutritional status is essential to improve the nutritional status of children. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Healthy gestational weight gain (GWG) is an important issue to be addressed by the midwife in primary care, both in the preconception period and throughout pregnancy. As a result, it is important that the midwife is trained and has the appropriate resources and tools to work with pregnant women individually and collectively. In addition to paying attention to overweight and obese pregnant women, the midwife should also pay attention to women with a normal BMI, as they seem to have greater difficulty in maintaining a healthy weight gain. Another line of intervention to be addressed is breastfeeding (BF), where the midwife should be the main point of reference from the beginning of this process, taking into account the relationship between BMI and BF.

Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Leukocytes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of metabolic abnormalities characterised by central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and dysregulation of blood glucose, which is associated with the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and overall mortality. White blood cell count is a selective marker of acute infection and inflammation, which could provide information on the metabolic status of subjects. This study aims to provide the best evidence on the association between MetS and white blood cell count by determining the effect size of this biomarker. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies indexed in the PubMed and Scopus databases were performed. Methodological quality was assessed using the STROBE tool, overall risk of bias using RevMan (Cochrane Collaboration), and quality of evidence using Grade Pro. Results: We included 14 articles comparing leukocyte concentrations in 21,005 subjects with MetS and 66,339 controls. Subjects with MetS had a higher mean leukocyte count, 0.64 cells ×109/L; CI95% 0.55-0.72; p < 0.00001; I2 = 93%. Conclusions: An in-depth evaluation of the relationship of leukocytes in the pathophysiological process of MetS could lead to new insights into early diagnosis.

Metabolic syndrome and transaminases: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of metabolic abnormalities characterised by hypertension, central obesity, dyslipidaemia and dysregulation of blood glucose, associated with the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and overall mortality. The presence of elevated liver enzymes may precede the development of MetS, with alterations of the liver being observed that are directly related to metabolic problems. The study aims to provide the best evidence on the association between liver enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT) and MetS by determining the effect size of these biomarkers. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies indexed in PubMed and Scopus databases were performed. Study quality was assessed using the STROBE tool. The Grade Pro tool was used to evaluate the evidence, and the quantitative synthesis was performed using RevMan (Cochrane Collaboration). RESULTS: Seventeen articles comparing liver enzyme concentrations between 76,686 with MetS (MetS+) and 201,855 without MetS (MetS-) subjects were included. The concentration of ALT, AST and GGT in the MetS + subjects was significantly higher than in the control group 7.13 IU/L (CI95% 5.73-8.54; p < 0.00001; I2 = 96%), 2.68 IU/L (CI95% 1.82-3.54; p < 0.00001; I2 = 96%) and 11.20 IU/L (CI95% 7.11-15.29; p < 0.00001; I2 = 96%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of the relationship of liver enzymes in the pathophysiological process of MetS could lead to new insights into early diagnosis.

The Impact of Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors on Lung Function Impairment: Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of risk factors increasingly present in the world's population. People with this syndrome are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Moreover, evidence has shown that it affects different organs. MetS and its risk factors are independently associated with impaired lung function, which can be quantified through spirometric variables. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine whether a high number of MetS criteria is associated with increased lung function decline. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study with a random sample of 1980 workers. Workers with acute respiratory pathology (eg, influenza), chronic respiratory pathology (eg, chronic bronchitis), or exposure to substances harmful to the lungs (eg, organic and inorganic dust) were not included. MetS was established based on harmonized criteria, and lung function was assessed according to spirometric variables. On the basis of these, classification into restrictive lung disease (RLD), obstructive lung disease, and mixed lung disease (MLD) was performed. In addition, the association between MetS and lung function was established based on analysis of covariance, linear trend analysis, and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: MetS was associated with worse lung function according to all the spirometric parameters analyzed (percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second: mean 83, SD 13.8 vs mean 89.2, SD 12.8; P<.001 and percentage of predicted forced vital capacity: mean 85.9, SD 11.6 vs mean 92, SD 11.3; P<.001). Moreover, those diagnosed with MetS had a higher prevalence of lung dysfunction (41% vs 21.9%; P<.001), RLD (23.4% vs 11.2%; P<.001), and MLD (7.3% vs 2.2%; P<.001). Furthermore, an increasing number of MetS criteria was associated with a greater impairment of pulmonary mechanics (P<.001). Similarly, with an increasing number of MetS criteria, there was a significant linear trend (P<.001) in the growth of the prevalence ratio of RLD (0 criteria: 1, 1: 1.46, 2: 1.52, 3: 2.53, 4: 2.97, and 5: 5.34) and MLD (0 criteria: 1, 1: 2.68, 2: 6.18, 3: 9.69, and 4: 11.37). Regression analysis showed that the alteration of all MetS risk factors, adjusted for various explanatory variables, was significantly associated with a worsening of spirometric parameters, except for forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity. CONCLUSIONS: The findings have shown that an increase in cardiometabolic risk factors is associated with a more significant worsening of spirometric variables and a higher prevalence of RLD and MLD. As spirometry could be a crucial tool for monitoring patients at risk of developing chronic pathologies, we conclude that this inexpensive and easily accessible test could help detect changes in lung function in patients with cardiometabolic disorders. This highlights the need to consider the importance of cardiometabolic health in lung function when formulating public health policies.

Diagnostic accuracy of anthropometric indices for metabolically healthy obesity in child and adolescent population.

BACKGROUND: A variable percentage of children and adolescents with obesity do not have cardiometabolic comorbidities. A phenotype called metabolically healthy obese (MHO) has emerged to describe this population subgroup. Early identification of this condition may prevent the progression to metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study of 265 children and adolescents from Cordoba (Spain) conducted in 2018. The outcome variables were MHO, established based on three criteria: International Criterion, HOMA-IR, and a combination of the previous two. RESULTS: The prevalence of MHO ranged from 9.4% to 12.8% of the study population, between 41% and 55.7% of the sample with obesity. The highest agreement was reached between the HOMA-IR definitions and the combined criteria. The waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was the indicator with the highest discriminant capacity for MHO in 2 of the three criteria, with its best cut-off point at 0.47 for both. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of MHO in children and adolescents differed according to the criteria used for diagnosis. The anthropometric variable with the most remarkable discriminating capacity for MHO was WHtR, with the same cut-off point in the three criteria analysed. IMPACT STATEMENT: This research work defines the existence of metabolically healthy obesity through anthropometric indicators in children and adolescents. Definitions that combine cardiometabolic criteria and insulin resistance are used to identify metabolically healthy obesity, as well as the prediction of this phenomenon through anthropometric variables. The present investigation helps to identify metabolically healthy obesity before metabolic abnormalities begin.

Development of a Predictive Model of Cardiovascular Risk in a Male Population from the Peruvian Amazon.

BACKGROUND: The coexistence of malnutrition due to over- and under-nutrition in the Peruvian Amazon increases chronic diseases and cardiovascular risk. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of a male population where anthropometric, clinical, and demographic variables were obtained to create a binary logistic regression predictive model of cardiovascular risk. RESULTS: We compared two methods with good predictive results, finally choosing Model 4 (r2 = 0.57, sensitivity 73.68%, specificity 95.35%, Youden index 0.69, and validity index 94.21), with non-invasive variables such as blood pressure (p < 0.001), hip circumference (p < 0.001), and FINDRISC test result (p < 0.05); Conclusions: We developed a cheap, fast, and non-invasive tool to determine cardiovascular risk in the population of this endemic area.

Comparison of Diagnostic Models to Estimate the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in a Chilean Pediatric Population: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The pediatric population has various criteria for measuring metabolic syndrome (MetS). The diversity of consensus for diagnosis has led to different non-comparable reported prevalence. Given the increase in its prevalence in pediatric ages, it is necessary to develop efficient methods to encourage early detection. Consequently, early screening for the risk of MetS could favor timely action in preventing associated comorbidities in adulthood. This study aimed to establish the diagnostic capacity of models that use non-invasive (anthropometric) and invasive (serum biomarkers) variables for the early detection of MetS in Chilean children. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 220 children aged 6 to 11. Multivariate logistic regressions and discriminant analyses were applied to determine the diagnostic capacity of invasive and non-invasive variables. Based on these results, four diagnostic models were created and compared: (i) anthropometric, (ii) hormonal (insulin, leptin, and adiponectin), (iii) Lipid A (high-density cholesterol lipoprotein [HDL-c] and triglycerides [TG]) and (iv) Lipid B (TG/HDL-c). The prevalence of MetS was 26.8%. Lipid biomarkers (HDL-c and TG) and their ratio (TG/HDL-c) presented higher diagnostic capacity, above 80%, followed by body mass index (BMI, 0.71-0.88) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR, 0.70-0.87). The lipid model A was the most accurate (sensitivity [S] = 62.7%, specificity [E] = 96.9%, validity index 87.7%), followed by the anthropometric model (S = 69.5%, E = 88.8% and validity index = 83.6%). In conclusion, detecting MetS was possible through invasive and non-invasive methods tested in overweight and obese children. The proposed models based on anthropometric variables, or serum biomarkers of the lipid model A, presented acceptable validity indices. Moreover, they were higher than those that measured adipokines, leptin, and adiponectin. The anthropometric model was the most cost-effective and easy to apply in different environments.

Impact of high prebiotic and probiotic dietary education in the SARS-CoV-2 era: improved cardio-metabolic profile in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

BACKGROUND: The development of new aetiological premises, such as the microbiota-gut-brain axis theory, evidences the influence of dietary and nutritional patterns on mental health, affecting the patient's quality of life in terms of physical and cardiovascular health. The aim was to determine the impact of a nutritional programme focused on increasing the intake of prebiotic and probiotic food on cardio-metabolic status in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in the contextual setting of the SARS-CoV-2 era. METHODS: A randomised clinical trial (two-arm, double-blind, balanced-block, six-month intervention) was conducted in a group of 50 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder during the SARS-CoV-2 confinement period. The control group received conventional dietary counselling on an individual basis. In the intervention group, an individual nutritional education programme with a high content of prebiotics and probiotics (dairy and fermented foods, green leafy vegetables, high-fibre fruit, whole grains, etc.) was established. Data on cardiovascular status were collected at baseline, three and six months. In addition, anthropometric parameters were analysed monthly. RESULTS: Forty-four subjects completed follow-up and were analysed. Statistical differences (p < 0.05) were found in all anthropometric variables at baseline and six months of intervention. A 27.4% reduction in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome risk factors in all its components was evidenced, leading to a clinically significant improvement (decrease in cardiovascular risk) in the intervention group at six months. CONCLUSIONS: The development of a nutritional programme focused on increasing the dietary content of prebiotics and probiotics effectively improves the cardio-metabolic profile in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Therefore, nursing assumes an essential role in the effectiveness of dietary interventions through nutritional education and the promotion of healthy lifestyles. Likewise, nursing acquires a relevant role in interdisciplinary coordination in confinement contexts. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study protocol complied with the Declaration of Helsinki for medical studies; the study received ethical approval from referral Research Ethics Committee in November 2019 (reg. no. 468) and retrospectively registered in clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04366401. First Submitted: 28th April 2020; First Registration: 25th June 2020).

Diagnostic accuracy of the waist-to-height ratio and other anthropometric indices for metabolically healthy obesity in the working population.

Approximately one-third of overweight individuals, and half of those with obesity, do not have cardiometabolic disorders. For this reason, a phenotype called metabolically healthy obese (MHO) has emerged to describe this population group. The early detection of this situation could save costs associated with the development of comorbidities or pharmacological interventions. Therefore, the aim is to know the prevalence of MHO in the working population and propose variables for its detection. Cross-sectional descriptive study of 635 workers of the Cordoba City Council was carried out based on the results of the 2016 health surveillance. The outcome variables were the MHO, established based on the criteria of the IDF, NCEP-ATP III, and Aguilar-Salinas. In addition, the degree of agreement between the different MHO criteria was studied using Cohen's kappa (k), and the predictive capacity of the anthropometric variables was assessed with Receiver Operator Curves. The prevalence of MHO ranged from 6.6 to 9%. The highest agreement was reached between the IDF and NCEP-ATP III definitions (k = 0.811; 95% CI 0.724-0.898; p < 0.001). The waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) showed the highest discriminant capacity for MHO, with its best cut-off point at 0.55 for all criteria used. Sensitivity ranged from 84 to 93%. The prevalence of MHO in the working population differed according to the criteria used for diagnosis. The anthropometric variable with the highest discriminant capacity for MHO was WHtR, presenting the same cut-off point in the three criteria analyzed. Therefore, WHtR is the variable that best detects the presence of MHO.

Nutritional Impact and Eating Pattern Changes in Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders after Health Education Program on Symbiotic Dietary Modulation Offered by Specialised Psychiatric Nursing-Two-Arm Randomised Clinical Trial.

Background: The traditional therapeutic approach has perceived the role of nutrition as a minor intervention in psychiatry. The microbiota−gut−brain axis theory evidences the influence of dietary and nutritional patterns on mental health. Aims: To evidence the impact of dietary advice on increasing symbiotic intake on nutritional status and dietary habits in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Methods: Randomised clinical trial (two-arm, double-blind, balanced-block, six-month intervention) in 50 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The control group received conventional dietary advice on an individual basis. A personal nutritional education programme was established in the intervention group (IG) to increase prebiotic and probiotic intake through dietary advice (dairy and fermented foods, green leafy vegetables, high-fibre fruit, whole grains, etc.). Data on nutritional status and dietary habits were collected (baseline and six months). The degree of dietary adherence to the recommended patterns was recorded weekly. Anthropometric parameters were also analysed monthly. Results: Finally, 44 subjects completed the follow-up. All participants exceeded the dietary reference intakes. The overall and intra-group analysis showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction in macro and micronutrient intakes with a closer approximation to the recommended dietary intakes, except for polyunsaturated fatty acids, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides and dietary fibre. After six months of intervention, statistical differences (p < 0.001) were found in all variables of the anthropometric profile in the IG, as well as an increase in the consumption of foods with a high symbiotic content (at baseline and six months). Likewise, a reduction in eggs, meat, fish, sugars and ultra-processed foods was evident, leading to significant intra-group differences (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Implementing conventional nutritional education strategies and specific nutritional advice with a symbiotic effect improves the dietary-nutritional profile in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Furthermore, it highlights the nutritional impact on mental health, stating itself as adjuvant therapy for physical health and lifestyle improvement.

Association between metabolic syndrome and uric acid: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to provide the best evidence on the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and uric acid (UA) by determining the size of the effect of this biomarker on MetS. The review protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021231124). The search covered the PubMed and Scopus databases. Methodological quality was assessed with the STROBE tool, overall risk of bias with RevMan (Cochrane Collaboration) and quality of evidence with Grade Pro. Initially, 1582 articles were identified. Then, after excluding duplicates and reviewing titles and abstracts, 1529 articles were excluded from applying the eligibility criteria. We included 43 papers (56 groups) comparing UA concentrations between subjects 91,845 with MetS and 259,931 controls. Subjects with MetS had a higher mean UA of 0.57 mg/dl (95% CI 0.54-0.61) (p < 0.00001). Given the heterogeneity of the included studies, the researchers decided to perform subgroups analysis. Men with MetS have a higher UA concentration mg/dl 0.53 (95% CI 0.45-0.62, p < 0.00001) and women with MetS 0.57 (95% CI 0.48-0.66, p < 0.00001) compared to subjects without MetS. Assessment of UA concentration could provide a new avenue for early diagnosis of MetS, as a new biomarker and the possibility of new therapeutic targets.

[Risk of binge eating disorder (BED) in nutrition and dietetics consultations and its relationship with eating pattern]. / Riesgo de trastorno por atracones (TPA) en las consultas de nutrición y dietética y su relación con el patrón alimentario.

Introduction: Introduction: evidence has shown a relationship between obesity and binge eating disorder (BED) as well as differences in dietary pattern. The objective was to establish the risk of BED in nutrition and dietetics consultations (N&D) and its relationship with dietary pattern. Methods: a cross-sectional study in 113 people who attended the N&D clinic to lose weight. They completed the BES questionnaire, a food consumption frequency questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements were taken. A descriptive analysis of the variables was performed, and an attempt was made to establish a relationship between the different explanatory variables and risk of BED. Results: 35.3 % of subjects were at risk for BED. The variables that showed significant differences for risk of BED were sex (p = 0.047), BMI (p < 0.001), previous diagnosis of eating disorder (p = 0.002), cabrohydrate intake higher than recommendations (p < 0.001), and protein intake lower or equal than recommendations (p < 0.001). In the adjusted logistic regression model the variables finally included were BMI, OR = 1.2 (95 % CI, 0.8-1.4, p = 0.02), cabrohydrate intake higher than recommendations, OR = 1.4 (95 % CI, 0.1-2.8, p = 0.02), and protein intake lower or equal than recommendations, OR = 1.2 (95 % CI, 0.4-4.1, p = 0.04). Conclusion: the risk of BED in overweight patients who come to consult for weight loss is high. There is a relationship between this risk and dietary pattern. Other similar studies are required.

Introducción: Introducción: la evidencia ha mostrado relación entre la obesidad y el trastorno por atracones (TPA) y diferencias en el patrón dietético. El objetivo fue establecer el riesgo de TPA en las consultas de nutrición y dietética (NyD) y su relación con el patrón dietético. Métodos: estudio transversal sobre 113 personas que acudieron a consulta de NyD para perder peso. Se seleccionaron aquellas que acudían a su primera consulta. Cumplimentaron el cuestionario Binge Eating Scale (BES), un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, y se tomaron medidas antropométricas. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo de las variables y se trató de establecer una asociación entre las diferentes variables explicativas con el riesgo de TPA. Resultados: el 35,3 % de los individuos presentaron riesgo de TPA. Las variables que mostraron diferencias significativas para el riesgo de TPA fueron el sexo (p = 0,047), el IMC (p < 0,001), el diagnóstico previo de TCA (p = 0,002), la ingesta de carbohidratos superior a las recomendaciones (p < 0,001) y la ingesta de proteínas igual o inferior a las recomendaciones (p < 0,001). En el modelo de regresión logística ajustado, las variables incluidas finalmente fueron: IMC, OR = 1,2 (IC 95 %: 0,8-1,4; p = 0,02); ingesta de carbohidratos superior a las recomendaciones, OR = 1,4 (IC 95 %: 0,1-2,8; p = 0,02); e ingesta de proteínas igual o inferior a las recomendaciones, OR = 1,2 (IC 95 %: 0,4-4,1; p = 0,04). Conclusión: el riesgo de TPA en los pacientes con sobrepeso que acuden a consulta para pérdida de peso es elevado. Existe relación entre este riesgo y el patrón dietético. Es necesario realizar otros trabajos similares..

Riesgo de trastorno por atracones (TPA) en las consultas de nutrición y dietética y su relación con el patrón alimentario / Risk of binge eating disorder (BED) in Nutrition and dietetics consultations and its relationship with eating pattern

Introducción: la evidencia ha mostrado relación entre la obesidad y el trastorno por atracones (TPA) y diferencias en el patrón dietético. El objetivo fue establecer el riesgo de TPA en las consultas de nutrición y dietética (NyD) y su relación con el patrón dietético. Métodos: estudio transversal sobre 113 personas que acudieron a consulta de NyD para perder peso. Se seleccionaron aquellas que acudían a su primera consulta. Cumplimentaron el cuestionario Binge Eating Scale (BES), un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, y se tomaron medidas antropométricas. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo de las variables y se trató de establecer una asociación entre las diferentes variables explicativas con el riesgo de TPA. Resultados: el 35,3 % de los individuos presentaron riesgo de TPA. Las variables que mostraron diferencias significativas para el riesgo de TPA fueron el sexo (p = 0,047), el IMC (p < 0,001), el diagnóstico previo de TCA (p = 0,002), la ingesta de carbohidratos superior a las recomendaciones (p < 0,001) y la ingesta de proteínas igual o inferior a las recomendaciones (p < 0,001). En el modelo de regresión logística ajustado, las variables incluidas finalmente fueron: IMC, OR = 1,2 (IC 95 %: 0,8-1,4; p = 0,02); ingesta de carbohidratos superior a las recomendaciones, OR = 1,4 (IC 95 %: 0,1-2,8; p = 0,02); e ingesta de proteínas igual o inferior a las recomendaciones, OR = 1,2 (IC 95 %: 0,4-4,1; p = 0,04). Conclusión: el riesgo de TPA en los pacientes con sobrepeso que acuden a consulta para pérdida de peso es elevado. Existe relación entre este riesgo y el patrón dietético. Es necesario realizar otros trabajos similares. (AU)

Introduction: evidence has shown a relationship between obesity and binge eating disorder (BED) as well as differences in dietary pattern. The objective was to establish the risk of BED in NUTRITION and dietetics consultations (N&D) and its relationship with dietary pattern. Methods: a cross-sectional study in 113 people who attended the N&D clinic to lose weight. They completed the BES questionnaire, a food consumption frequency questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements were taken. A descriptive analysis of the variables was performed, and an attempt was made to establish a relationship between the different explanatory variables and risk of BED. Results: 35.3 % of subjects were at risk for BED. The variables that showed significant differences for risk of BED were sex (p = 0.047), BMI (p < 0.001), previous diagnosis of eating disorder (p = 0.002), cabrohydrate intake higher than recommendations (p < 0.001), and protein intake lower or equal than recommendations (p < 0.001). In the adjusted logistic regression model the variables finally included were BMI, OR = 1.2 (95 % CI, 0.8-1.4, p = 0.02), cabrohydrate intake higher than recommendations, OR = 1.4 (95 % CI, 0.1-2.8, p = 0.02), and protein intake lower or equal than recommendations, OR = 1.2 (95 % CI, 0.4-4.1, p = 0.04). Conclusion: the risk of BED in overweight patients who come to consult for weight loss is high. There is a relationship between this risk and dietary pattern. Other similar studies are required. (AU)

Psychological Impact during Confinement by COVID-19 on Health Sciences University Students-A Prospective, Longitudinal, and Comparative Study.

BACKGROUND: The objective was to analyze the factors that influence reactions to confinement situations, such as personality, humor, coping with stressors, and resilience, and to compare this population with a normal situation of exposure to an intense academic stressor such as a partial test, and with the confinement situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A longitudinal study was performed involving 116 health sciences students from Spain. Three situations were evaluated: a basal situation of normality at the beginning of the course, situation facing an academic stressor (partial test), and confinement situation due to COVID-19. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and NEO-FFI scale were used. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed in the increase in negative humor and decrease in positive one, as well as decrease in "Focus on and Venting of Emotions". Personality factors that better predict humor at confinement were "conscientiousness" for having positive humor and low "extraversion" for negative humor. CONCLUSIONS: The confinement situation due to COVID-19 has caused changes in predominant humor, as well as in coping strategies. Personality factors positively or negatively influence the situation.

Efficacy of nutrition education for the increase of symbiotic intake on nutritional and metabolic status in schizophrenic spectrum disorders: A two-arm protocol.

Background/Objectives: The microbiota plays a vital role in the two-way communication between the gastrointestinal tract and numerous neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Besides, the microbiota modulation through the use of psychobiotics (prebiotics and probiotics with nutraceutical action) is related to the improvement of the physical and psychopathological health. The objective to this study was to test the efficacy of prebiotic/probiotic dietary modulation in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, attending to the nutritional and cardio-metabolic impact. Methods: Two-arms, double-blind, randomized in balanced blocks clinical trial of 6 months of intervention, will be developed in a group of 50 individuals. The control group will receive conventional dietary advice individually from specialized mental health nurses. In the intervention group, an individual dietetic-nutritional education program with high prebiotic and probiotic content (dairy and fermented foods, green leafy vegetables, high-fiber fruit, whole grains, etc.) will be developed by these nurses. Data will be collected on the psychopathological state, and blood test (at the beginning, at 3 and 6 months). The estimation of intestinal microbiota and the usual nutritional pattern will also be assessed at the beginning and 6 months, using a stool test. To evaluate the degree of adherence, the intervention group will fill a specific weekly record of the main dishes/food consumed. Anthropometric parameters will also be analyzed monthly. Discussion: The study is anticipated to establish feasibility an adequate dietary modulation with a high simbiotic content, leads to a significant improvement in the nutritional status and cardio-metabolic. Furthermore, it is presumed to reach a degree of evidence that allows establishing nutritional management as an effective therapeutic intervention in the psychopathological treatment of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Clinical Trial Registration: [www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT04366401].

Relationships between work, lifestyles, and obesity: cross-sectional study based on the 2017 Spanish National Health Survey.

AIMS: Overweight and obesity are affected by factors such as dietary transgressions and lack of exercise, as well as less obvious factors such as shift work and sedentary working. (i) To explore the associations between overweight and obesity (O/O) with working conditions such as type of job position, and work shifts; (ii) to know the associations between O/O with lifestyles (physical activity, eating habits, and tobacco and alcohol consumption). METHODS AND RESULTS: A cross-sectional, population-based design was used based on the Spanish National Health Survey. The final sample consisted of 9097 workers aged between 18 and 65. The influence of the explanatory variables on the outcome variable (body mass index) was examined using logistic regression. The prevalence of O/O increased by 4% for every additional year of age (P < 0.001) and was 3.1 times more frequent among men (P < 0.001). It also was 20% higher in night work or rotating shifts (P < 0.01), and 14.9% lower in sedentary job positions (P < 0.05). Low consumption of the following foods was significantly associated with a reduction in O/O: meat (16.2%), fish (75.4%), cured meats (35.1%), dairy products (33.3%), and snacks (47.1%). CONCLUSION: Age, men, engaging in moderate or low levels of physical activity, being an ex-smoker, working during the night or rotating shifts, holding a non-sedentary job position, having a low to moderate consumption of pasta, potatoes, and rice, a moderate consumption of bread and cereals, as well as dairy products, vegetables, sugary foods, and fast food, have been significantly associated with a higher prevalence of O/O. No relationships were identified between the consumption of alcohol, fruit, eggs, pulses, and sugary soft drinks.

Association between the FTO SNP rs9939609 and Metabolic Syndrome in Chilean Children.

BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of obesity in children has raised the incidence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in this age group. Given the short- and long-term health impact of MetS, it is essential to prevent its onset by detecting its main triggers. Besides, genetic factors play an essential role in influencing which individuals within a population are most likely to develop obesity in response to a particular environment. In this regard, a common variation in the FTO gene is reproducibly associated with BMI and obesity from childhood and the genetic load has been linked to several cardiovascular risk factors, highlighting the FTO single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs9939609. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the relationship between the FTO SNP rs9939609 and MetS. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 220 children from the Biobío region (Chile). MetS diagnosis was established through the modified Cook criteria, using prevalence ratios, COR curves, and linear regressions to determine its association with MetS and its components. RESULTS: The prevalence of MetS was significantly increased among carriers of the risk allele (A): TT, 20.2%; TA, 25.4%; AA, 44.7% (p = 0.006). Also, the presence of A was associated with altered MetS-related variables. CONCLUSIONS: The FTO SNP rs9939609 was associated with a raised prevalence of MetS among A allele carriers, and was higher in the homozygous genotype (AA).