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Rev Neurol ; 68(2): 47-58, 2019 Jan 16.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30638254

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Kahneman and Tversky's prospect theory has become the main model for the study of decision-making. One of its cornerstones, the loss aversion bias (greater sensitivity to losses than to gains), has been demonstrated from the behavioural perspective. AIMS: To analyse the evidence from neuroeconomics and check whether it is consistent with the existence of a neural mechanism of loss aversion. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A systematic review was performed, following the PRISMA guidelines, of the empirical studies found in PubMed and ScienceDirect, a total of 18 studies being included altogether. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results consistently point to the implication of two opposing neural systems in this bias: one appetitive, involving the striatum and the frontal regions, and one aversive, involving the amygdala and the insula, which interact with each other when it comes to making a decision about different monetary bets and display a higher sensitivity towards losses. Although their functioning is not yet clear, what does seem evident is that the consistent involvement of these structures lends support to prospect theory and the limited rationality approach.


TITLE: Bases neurales de la aversion a las perdidas en contextos economicos: revision sistematica segun las directrices PRISMA.Introduccion. La teoria prospectiva de Kahneman y Tversky se ha convertido en el modelo principal para el estudio de la toma de decisiones. Uno de sus pilares, el sesgo de aversion a las perdidas (mayor sensibilidad a las perdidas que a las ganancias), se ha evidenciado desde el punto de vista conductual. Objetivo. Analizar las evidencias aportadas desde la neuroeconomia y comprobar si son consistentes con la existencia de un mecanismo neural de aversion a las perdidas. Pacientes y metodos. Se ha llevado a cabo una revision sistematica siguiendo las directrices PRISMA de los estudios empiricos encontrados en PubMed y ScienceDirect, incluyendo un total de 18 estudios. Resultados y conclusiones. Los resultados señalan consistentemente la implicacion en este sesgo de dos sistemas neurales opuestos: uno apetitivo, que involucra al estriado y a las regiones frontales, y uno aversivo, que involucra a la amigdala y a la insula, que interactuan entre ellos a la hora de tomar una decision en diferentes apuestas monetarias y muestran una mayor sensibilidad hacia las perdidas. Si bien todavia no esta claro su funcionamiento, lo que si parece evidente es que la consistente implicacion de estas estructuras constituye un apoyo a la teoria prospectiva y al enfoque de racionalidad limitada.


Subject(s)
Avoidance Learning/physiology , Brain Mapping , Decision Making/physiology , Economics, Behavioral , Models, Neurological , Models, Psychological , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Gambling/psychology , Games, Experimental , Humans , Male , Neuroimaging , Young Adult
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