ABSTRACT
Turkey is a country with intermediate endemicity for hepatitis B, and approximately 4% of the population are HBsAg-positive. A number of measures have been implemented to prevent hepatitis B infection. In 1998, hepatitis B antigen was included in the national immunisation programme, and infants have since been vaccinated with three doses. Catch-up strategies, vaccination for high risk groups and screening measures were also adopted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the prevention and control strategies on hepatitis B notification rates in Turkey in the period from 1990 to 2012, using data from the national surveillance system. Secular trends revealed that rates showed an initial increasing trend, followed by a steady decline from 2005. The most dramatic decline occurred among children younger than 15 years, highlighting the benefits of vaccination and catch-up strategies. However, vaccination cannot fully explain the decrease in this age group. Socioeconomic development, through interrupting the horizontal transmission may also have contributed. After 2005, a steady decline was achieved also among those 15 years and older. The rates in adults were higher, which indicates that stronger prevention measures are needed to target this group, particularly men.
Subject(s)
Disease Notification/statistics & numerical data , Hepatitis B Vaccines/administration & dosage , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Hepatitis B/prevention & control , Immunization Programs/statistics & numerical data , Vaccination , Acute Disease , Adult , Age Distribution , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Hepatitis B/transmission , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/immunology , Hepatitis B Vaccines/immunology , Humans , Infant , Male , Population Surveillance , Sex Distribution , Socioeconomic Factors , Turkey/epidemiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this paper is to describe the techniques used in developing the National Health Information System of Turkey (NHIS-T), a nation-wide infrastructure for sharing electronic health records (EHRs). METHODS: The UN/CEFACT Core Components Technical Specification (CCTS) methodology was applied to design the logical EHR structure and to increase the reuse of common information blocks in EHRs. RESULTS: The NHIS-T became operational on January 15, 2009. By June 2010, 99% of the public hospitals and 71% of the private and university hospitals were connected to NHIS-T with daily feeds of their patients' EHRs. Out of the 72 million citizens of Turkey, electronic healthcare records of 43 million citizens have already been created in NHIS-T. Currently, only the general practitioners can access the EHRs of their patients. In the second phase of the implementation and once the legal framework is completed, the proper patient consent mechanisms will be available through the personal health record system that is under development. At this time authorized healthcare professionals in secondary and tertiary healthcare systems can access the patients' EHRs. CONCLUSIONS: A number of factors affected the successful implementation of NHIS-T. First, all stakeholders have to adopt the specified standards. Second, the UN/CEFACT CCTS approach was applied which facilitated the development and understanding of rather complex EHR schemas. Finally, the comprehensive testing of vendor-based hospital information systems for their conformance to and interoperability with NHIS-T through an automated testing platform enhanced substantially the fast integration of vendor-based solutions with the NHIS-T.
