ABSTRACT
Cerebral perfusion brain scintigraphy obtained in six unselected patients (age newborn to 14 years) from among 50 children with vein of Galen malformations was used in conjunction with magnetic resonance imaging to determine the basis of the neurological and cognitive abnormalities in patients with vein of Galen malformations (VGMs). Five had a hemiparesis - persistent, transient, or alternating. Four were developmentally delayed. Two had so far been cognitively normal and acquired a neurological deficit, following an embolization procedure. The school age patient had a nonverbal learning disability. Three had epilepsy and/or an abnormal electroencephalogram. Magnetic resonance imaging documented only the VGM, hydrocephalus and atrophy; one child with perinatal asphyxia had periventricular leukomalacia. Perfusion brain scintigraphy was normal in two (a normal infant, and a toddler with a hemiparesis and aphasia). Abnormal findings included: left parietal hypoperfusion, fronto-temporal atrophy, patchy flow; left fronto-temporal hypoperfusion, left hemiatrophy, bilateral medial temporal hypoperfusion, right cerebellar hypoperfusion; right temporal hypoperfusion, patchy flow; right hemiatrophy, occipital hypoperfusion. Perfusion brain scintigraphy findings correlated better with focal neurological and cognitive defects than did magnetic resonance imaging.
Subject(s)
Brain Damage, Chronic/diagnostic imaging , Brain/blood supply , Cerebral Veins/abnormalities , Developmental Disabilities/diagnostic imaging , Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations/diagnostic imaging , Adolescent , Cerebral Veins/diagnostic imaging , Child , Child, Preschool , Dominance, Cerebral/physiology , Female , Humans , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Radionuclide Imaging , Regional Blood Flow/physiology , Technetium Tc 99m ExametazimeABSTRACT
This investigation examined the efficacy of psychostimulant therapy in alleviating neurobehavioral dysfunction attendant to pediatric brain injury. The most commonly reported neurobehavioral sequelae associated with head injury in the pediatric population involve deficits along the attentional matrix. This is also the most common objectively documented neurobehavioral finding among children as well as adults. There are several investigations in the adult literature which have employed the use of psychostimulants in treating both psychiatric and neuropsychological residua associated with head injury. Overall, the results of these studies are equivocal, but suggest a beneficial impact on general functioning. The present prospective investigation utilized a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over experimental design to examine the efficacy of methylphenidate in treating children with acquired attentional disorders secondary to brain injury. A cohort of 14 children with varying degrees of head injury were recruited for participation. As expected, differences between drug and placebo conditions uniformly achieved statistical significance. Additionally, there were no differences in performance between baseline and placebo conditions on neurobehavioral tasks of attention and concentration. Current findings suggest that methylphenidate (and probably other psychostimulants such as Cylert, Adderal, Wellbutrin and dextroamphetamine sulfate) is an extremely effective agent in treating attentional disorders secondary to brain injury in children.
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy , Brain Injuries/complications , Central Nervous System Stimulants/therapeutic use , Methylphenidate/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Adult , Attention/drug effects , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/etiology , Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Over Studies , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Male , Methylphenidate/pharmacology , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
There have been some reports that folic acid inhibits phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia. The purpose of this double-blind study was to quantify clinically the effects of both systemic and topical administration of folic acid on phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth in man. For a period of 6 months, one group of phenytoin patients received 2 daily topical applications of a folate solution. An additional group received 2 daily doses of systemic folate while a control group received placebo medication. Results indicate that throughout the 180-day period of the study, the topical folate significantly inhibited gingival hyperplasia to a greater extent than either systemic folate or placebo groups.
Subject(s)
Folic Acid/administration & dosage , Gingival Hyperplasia/drug therapy , Phenytoin/adverse effects , Administration, Oral , Administration, Topical , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Clinical Trials as Topic , Double-Blind Method , Female , Gingival Hyperplasia/chemically induced , Humans , Male , Random Allocation , TabletsABSTRACT
A review of recent experimental and clinical trials on the effect of steroids on the outcome of head-injured patients reveals no statistical benefit in double-blind trials. Small subgroups of patients may benefit, but this needs further evaluation.
