Staging Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema with Bioimpedance Spectroscopy.

Background: A number of different classification schemes, with generally similar but not identical criteria, exist to describe the different stages of lymphedema. Criteria may include both subjective and objective assessments. The present study investigated whether bioelectrical impedance parameters had utility in staging breast cancer-related lymphedema. Methods and Results: Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis was used to assign women (n = 221) at risk of or with clinically ascribed lymphedema to clusters sharing similar impedance characteristics. Five clusters could be identified with each cluster containing proportions of participants that closely aligned with staging allocation, according to International Society of Lymphology criteria, at initial presentation. The use of cluster analysis for tracking of lymphedema progression or response to treatment is demonstrated. Conclusions: No single assessment provides definitive assignment of a patient to lymphedema stage. Staging is usually achieved by identifying and allocating a patient to a lymphedema stage shared by a group of patients with similar clinical signs. Cluster analysis of impedance data provides similar groupings of patients and could provide a useful adjunct objective assessment for staging lymphedema.

A Virtual Ward Model of Care for Patients With COVID-19: Retrospective Single-Center Clinical Study.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has necessitated the implementation of innovative health care models in preparation for an influx of patients. A virtual ward model delivers clinical care remotely to patients in isolation. We report on an Australian cohort of patients with COVID-19 treated in a virtual ward. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate the safety and efficacy of a virtual ward model of care for an Australian cohort of patients with COVID-19. METHODS: Retrospective clinical assessment was performed for 223 patients with confirmed COVID-19 treated in a virtual ward in Brisbane, Australia, from March 25 to May 15, 2020. Statistical analysis was performed for variables associated with the length of stay and hospitalization. RESULTS: Of 223 patients, 205 (92%) recovered without the need for escalation to hospital care. The median length of stay in the virtual ward was 8 days (range 1-44 days). In total, 18 (8%) patients were referred to hospital, of which 6 (33.3%) were discharged after assessment at the emergency department. Furthermore, 12 (5.4%) patients were admitted to hospital, of which 4 (33.3%) required supplemental oxygen and 2 (16.7%) required mechanical ventilation. No deaths were recorded. Factors associated with escalation to hospital care were the following: hypertension (odds ratio [OR] 3.6, 95% CI 1.28-9.87; P=.01), sputum production (OR 5.2, 95% CI 1.74-15.49; P=.001), and arthralgia (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.21-11.71; P=.02) at illness onset and a polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold of ≤20 on a diagnostic nasopharyngeal swab (OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.25-19.63; P=.02). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that a virtual ward model of care to treat patients with COVID-19 is safe and efficacious, and only a small number of patients would potentially require escalation to hospital care. Further studies are required to validate this model of care.

Prospective surveillance model in the home for breast cancer-related lymphoedema: a feasibility study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of delivering a prospective surveillance model in the home over 6 months for women at high risk of developing lymphoedema. METHODS: A single-group, intervention study recruited 20 women who had surgical and medical treatment for confirmed node-positive invasive breast cancer and therefore at high risk of developing arm lymphoedema. Participants received a package including Bioimpedance Spectroscopy (BIS) monitoring, lymphoedema education and support to promote self-management and physical activity. RESULTS: Participants adhered to BIS monitoring 74% of the time, and felt extremely confident in using the device. By 6 months, mean BIS L-Dex scores had increased from 3.5 (SD 5.6) to 8.4 (SD 11.1); five women (25%) who experienced > + 6.5 increase in L-Dex score were fitted with a compression garment. Self-reported symptoms and distress decreased by 0.4 out of 10 (95% CI 0.1 to 0.7); number of self-management strategies used increased by 0.6 (95% CI 0.1 to 1.2); and planned exercise increased by 2.8 h/week (95% CI 0.4 to 5.2). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate a prospective surveillance model of care in the home with BIS is feasible and associated with increased self-management. A Phase II randomised trial is warranted as well as research exploring the costs associated with implementing this model of care for high-risk individuals.

Personalizing Conservative Lymphedema Management Using Indocyanine Green-Guided Manual Lymphatic Drainage.

Background: The Australian Lymphoedema Education, Research and Treatment Program (ALERT) at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia is one of the flagship programs of Australia's first fully integrated academic health sciences centre, MQ Health. The aim of this study was to describe our findings of compensatory drainage demonstrated by indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography in cancer-related upper and lower limb lymphedema and how this may be translated into clinical practice. Methods and Results: Retrospective data from 339 patients aged between 18 and 90 years with secondary cancer-related unilateral or bilateral lymphedema of the upper or lower limb who underwent ICG lymphography assessment at the ALERT clinic between February 2017 and March 2020 were analyzed. In patients with upper limb lymphedema, the ipsilateral axilla was the most frequent drainage region (74.9%), followed by clavicular (41.8%) and parasternal (11.3%). For patients with mild upper limb lymphedema, 94.4% drained to the ipsilateral axilla. No patients drained to the ipsilateral inguinal region. For lower limb lymphedema, drainage to the ipsilateral inguinal was most common (52.3%), followed by contralateral inguinal (30.7%), popliteal (26.1%), and gluteal (21.6%) regions. Three main patterns of superficial lymphatic compensation were identified based on which anatomical structure carried lymph fluid. Manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) was used to facilitate movement of the dye. A light/effleurage technique was sufficient to move the dye through patent lymphatic vessels; a slow and firmer technique was required to move the dye through areas of bridging dermal backflow. Conclusion: The introduction of ICG lymphography to our program and its use in guiding personalized conservative management plans, including facilitative MLD techniques, has translated into clinical practice and changed research and educational priorities within the ALERT program.

Quantifying fibrosis in head and neck cancer treatment: An overview.

BACKGROUND: Fibrosis is a common late complication of radiotherapy and/or surgical treatment for head and neck cancers. Fibrosis is difficult to quantify and formal methods of measure are not well recognized. The purpose of this review was to summarize the methods available to quantify neck fibrosis. METHODS: A PubMed search of articles was carried out using key words "neck" and "fibrosis." RESULTS: Many methods have been used to assess fibrosis, however, there is no preferred methodology. Specific to neck fibrosis, most studies have relied upon hand palpation rating scales. Indentation and suction techniques have been used to mechanically quantify neck fibrosis. There is scope to develop applications of ultrasound, dielectric, bioimpedance, and MRI techniques for use in the neck region. CONCLUSION: Quantitative assessment of neck fibrosis is sought after in order to compare treatment regimens and improve quality of life outcomes in patients with head and neck cancer.

Lineages of Streptococcus equi ssp. equi in the Irish equine industry.

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus equi ssp. equi is the causative agent of 'Strangles' in horses. This is a debilitating condition leading to economic loss, yard closures and cancellation of equestrian events. There are multiple genotypes of S. equi ssp. equi which can cause disease, but to date there has been no systematic study of strains which are prevalent in Ireland. This study identified and classified Streptococcus equi ssp. equi strains isolated from within the Irish equine industry. RESULTS: Two hundred veterinary isolates were subjected to SLST (single locus sequence typing) based on an internal sequence from the seM gene of Streptococcus equi ssp equi. Of the 171 samples which successfully gave an amplicon, 162 samples (137 Irish and 24 UK strains) gave robust DNA sequence information. Analysis of the sequences allowed division of the isolates into 19 groups, 13 of which contain at least 2 isolates and 6 groups containing single isolates. There were 19 positions where a DNA SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) occurs, and one 3 bp insertion. All groups had multiple (2-8) SNPs. Of the SNPs 17 would result in an amino acid change in the encoded protein. Interestingly, the single isolate EI8, which has 6 SNPs, has the three base pair insertion which is not seen in any other isolate, this would result in the insertion of an Ile residue at position 62 in that protein sequence. Comparison of the relevant region in the determined sequences with the UK Streptococcus equi seM MLST database showed that Group B (15 isolates) and Group I (2 isolates), as well as the individual isolates EI3 and EI8, are unique to Ireland, and some groups are most likely of UK origin (Groups F and M), but many more probably passed back and forth between the two countries. CONCLUSIONS: The strains occurring in Ireland are not clonal and there is a considerable degree of sequence variation seen in the seM gene. There are two major clades causing infection in Ireland and these strains are also common in the UK.