A frequency quantum interpretation of the surface renewal model of mass transfer.

The surface of a turbulent liquid is visualized as consisting of a large number of chaotic eddies or liquid elements. Assuming that surface elements of a particular age have renewal frequencies that are integral multiples of a fundamental frequency quantum, and further assuming that the renewal frequency distribution is of the Boltzmann type, performing a population balance for these elements leads to the Danckwerts surface age distribution. The basic quantum is what has been traditionally called the rate of surface renewal. The Higbie surface age distribution follows if the renewal frequency distribution of such elements is assumed to be continuous. Four age distributions, which reflect different start-up conditions of the absorption process, are then used to analyse transient physical gas absorption into a large volume of liquid, assuming negligible gas-side mass-transfer resistance. The first two are different versions of the Danckwerts model, the third one is based on the uniform and Higbie distributions, while the fourth one is a mixed distribution. For the four cases, theoretical expressions are derived for the rates of gas absorption and dissolved-gas transfer to the bulk liquid. Under transient conditions, these two rates are not equal and have an inverse relationship. However, with the progress of absorption towards steady state, they approach one another. Assuming steady-state conditions, the conventional one-parameter Danckwerts age distribution is generalized to a two-parameter age distribution. Like the two-parameter logarithmic normal distribution, this distribution can also capture the bell-shaped nature of the distribution of the ages of surface elements observed experimentally in air-sea gas and heat exchange. Estimates of the liquid-side mass-transfer coefficient made using these two distributions for the absorption of hydrogen and oxygen in water are very close to one another and are comparable to experimental values reported in the literature.

Towards the development of anticancer drugs from andrographolide: semisynthesis, bioevaluation, QSAR analysis and pharmacokinetic studies.

Isolation of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata, preparation of a library of derivatives via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of andrographolide with azomethine ylides generated from isatin derivatives or acenaphthoquinone and seconday α-amino acids, evaluation of the anticancer potential of the products, quantitative structure activity relationship studies and pharmacokinetic parameter determination have been described. 2D QSAR studies revaled that steric effects and van der Waals interactions play major roles in the determination of antiproliferative activity of these derivatives. 3D QSAR study predicted that the benzyl substitution at N20 position may be important for higher steric interaction. Pharmacokinetic studies with two most potent analogues revealed moderate chemical stability but poor aqueous solubility, metabolic stability and permeability with significant CYP3A4 inhibition.

Imine (-CH=N-) brings selectivity for silver enhanced fluorescence.

Metal enhanced fluorescence (MEF) from organic molecules has been the focus of plasmonic/photonic research. In this regard, silver and gold particle stimulated fluorescence has received much attention. However, the involvement of small organic molecules in solution has not been accounted for in MEF. We have reported here that the aqueous alkaline solution of salicylaldehyde exhibits highly enhanced fluorescence at room temperature (λ(em) ∼ 420 nm, Stokes shift 120 nm, stability > a year) in the presence of Ag(I) or Au(III) after simple ageing for two days. The increased scattering cross-section of the in situ produced aggregated metal particles and the lightening rod effect of the metal aggregates that concentrate the electric field around the fluorophore (i.e., alkaline solutions of salicylaldehyde) are ascribed to such extraordinary fluorescence enhancement caused by Ag and Au particles. Finally, selective fluorescence enhancement due to silver particles alone has been made possible in the presence of ammonia or primary amines due to imine bond formation that eliminates Au enhanced fluorescence quantitatively. This finding allows us to design a highly selective Ag(I) sensor in the solution phase with a cheap and commercially available compound with LOD far below EPA-permissible levels. The imine induced selective silver enhanced fluorescence phenomenon becomes a general matter in our studies even with different Schiff bases.

Comparative validated molecular modeling of p53-HDM2 inhibitors as antiproliferative agents.

Tumor suppressor protein p53 regulates the cell cycle and inhibits tumor growth. It is inactivated by mutation or binding with human double minute 2 (HDM2) protein. The HDM2 is a promising target for treatment of p53 protein related cancers. Molecular modeling techniques such as 2D-QSAR, pharmacophore mapping and 3D-QSAR analyses were performed on 155 structurally diverse HDM2 inhibitors to understand structural and physicochemical requirements for higher activity. The linear and spline 2D-QSAR models were developed through multiple linear regression and genetic functional algorithm methods. The 2D-QSAR models suggested that number of fluorine, chlorine, tertiary nitrogen atoms as well as donor feature, stereogenic centers and higher value of solvent accessible surface area are important features in defining activity. Monte Carlo method was applied to generate QSAR models that determined structural indicators (alerts) for increase or decrease of the biological activity. Ligand-based pharmacophore mapping showed importance of two hydrophobic, one hydrophobic aromatic, one ring aromatic and one donor features. The structure-based pharmacophore model demonstrated significance of two hydrophobic, one ring aromatic and two acceptor features. The pharmacophore (ligand) aligned structures were subjected to 3D-QSAR analyses. The structure-based pharmacophore was also used for pharmacophore restraint molecular docking to analyze ligand-receptor interactions and for adjudging predictability as well as validation of different modeling techniques. These comparative molecular modeling techniques may help to design novel HDM2 inhibitors.

Precursor salt assisted syntheses of high-index faceted concave hexagon and nanorod-like polyoxometalates.

This paper describes an effective method for a precursor salt assisted fabrication and reshaping of two different polyoxometalates [(NH4)2Cu(MoO4)2 (ACM) and Cu3(MoO4)2(OH)2 (CMOH)] into five distinctive shapes through straightforward and indirect routes. Explicit regulation of the structural arrangements of ACM and CMOH has been studied in detail with altered precursor salt concentration employing our laboratory developed modified hydrothermal (MHT) method. Morphologically different ACM 3D architectures are evolved with higher molybdate concentration, whereas 1D growth of CMOH is observed with increased copper concentration. Interesting morphological transformation of the products has been accomplished employing one precursor salt at a time without using any other foreign reagent. It has been proven that large ACMs become labile in the presence of incoming Cu(II) and NH4(+) ions of the precursor salts. A new strategy for the conversion of faceted ACMs (hexagonal plate, circular plate and hollow flower) to exclusive CMOH nanorods through a Cu(II) assisted reaction has been adopted. According to thermodynamic consideration, the synthesis of rare concave nanostructures with high index facet is still challenging due to their higher reactivity. In this study, concave hexagonal ACM with high index facet {hkl} has been successfully prepared for the first time from hexagonal ACM through simple etching with ammonium heptamolybdate (AHM), which is another precursor salt. Hexagonal ACM corrugates to a concave hexagon because of the higher reactivity of the {001} crystal plane than that of the {010} plane. It has been shown that high index facet exposed concave hexagonal ACM serves as a better catalyst for the photodegradation of dye than the other microstructures enclosed by low index facets.

Fabrication of superhydrophobic copper surface on various substrates for roll-off, self-cleaning, and water/oil separation.

Superhydrophobic surfaces prevent percolation of water droplets and thus render roll-off, self-cleaning, corrosion protection, etc., which find day-to-day and industrial applications. In this work, we developed a facile, cost-effective, and free-standing method for direct fabrication of copper nanoparticles to engender superhydrophobicity for various flat and irregular surfaces such as glass, transparency sheet (plastic), cotton wool, textile, and silicon substrates. The fabrication of as-prepared superhydrophobic surfaces was accomplished using a simple chemical reduction of copper acetate by hydrazine hydrate at room temperature. The surface morphological studies demonstrate that the as-prepared surfaces are rough and display superhydrophobic character on wetting due to generation of air pockets (The Cassie-Baxter state). Because of the low adhesion of water droplets on the as-prepared surfaces, the surfaces exhibited not only high water contact angle (164 ± 2°, 5 µL droplets) but also superb roll-off and self-cleaning properties. Superhydrophobic copper nanoparticle coated glass surface uniquely withstands water (10 min), mild alkali (5 min in saturated aqueous NaHCO3 of pH ≈ 9), acids (10 s in dilute HNO3, H2SO4 of pH ≈ 5) and thiol (10 s in neat 1-octanethiol) at room temperature (25-35 °C). Again as-prepared surface (cotton wool) was also found to be very effective for water-kerosene separation due to its superhydrophobic and oleophilic character. Additionally, the superhydrophobic copper nanoparticle (deposited on glass surface) was found to exhibit antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Intriguing manipulation of metal-enhanced fluorescence for the detection of Cu(II) and cysteine.

Commercially available salicylaldehyde, in alkaline medium, exhibits strong fluorescence after one hour of UV exposure in the presence of Ag(I) . The phenolic group of salicylaldehyde is converted into the quinone form under alkaline conditions in the presence of AgNO3 , resulting in aggregated Ag(0), which causes approximately 250 times fluorescence enhancement of the in situ produced quinone. Such high silver-enhanced-fluorescence (SEF) is selectively quenched by cysteine, arginine, histidine, methionine, and tryptophan. In contrast to the other amino acids, ageing brings selectivity of the cysteine-induced quenching effect. Interestingly, Cu(II) is found to be the only metal ion that exclusively regenerates the lost fluorescence. Thus, quenching and recovery of fluorescence (Turn Off/On) can be used for the selective and sensitive detection of cysteine as well as Cu(II) ions in one pot. Alteration of the electric field density around the fluorophore (lightening rod effect) and scattering/absorption cross-section have been proposed to account for the Off/On fluorescence.

Green synthesis of highly fluorescent Au(I)@Ag2/Ag3-thiolate core-shell particles for selective detection of cysteine and Pb(II).

Giant Au(I)@Ag2/Ag3-thiolate clusters with strong fluorescence (λex 400 nm, λem 564 nm, and quantum yield 8.3%) have been prepared in aqueous medium from glutathione and corresponding precursor salts at neutral pH under sunlight. An intriguing synergism between Au(I)core and Ag(0)shell imparts long-term stability to the fluorescent giant clusters (synthesized with a chemically green method) due to drifting of electron density towards core from shell. The strong fluorescence is selectively damped by cysteine (Cys) leaving aside all other essential amino acids ("Turn Off"). This quenched fluorescence is restored again on introducing Pb(II) ions in the system ("Turn On"). No other metal ion can cause such a recovery of the lost fluorescence. Such "Turn Off" and "Turn On" fluorescence helps in the design of a selective Cys as well as Pb(II) sensor in one pot. Detection of Cys and Pb(II) down to 5 × 10(-8) M and 15 × 10(-8) M, respectively, is possible following the present strategy.

Fluorescent Au(I)@Ag2/Ag3 giant cluster for selective sensing of mercury(II) ion.

Highly stable Au(I)(core)-Ag(0)(shell) particles have been synthesized in aqueous solution via a green chemistry pathway utilising sunlight irradiation. The shell of the particles is composed of fluorescent Ag2 and Ag3 clusters which make the large core-shell particles highly fluorescent. The Au(I) core of the particles offers long-term stability to the silver clusters, which are otherwise unstable in solution at room temperature, by the transfer of electron density from the shell. Successive additions of Hg(II) ions to the fluorescent solution cause efficient and selective quenching of the fluorescence with gradual red shifting of the emission peak. The metallophilic 5d(10)(Hg(2+))-4d(10)(Ag(δ+)) interaction as well as Hg(II) stimulated aggregation have been ascribed to causing the fluorescence quenching and red shift. The fluorescent Au(I)(core)-Ag(0)(shell) particles are a highly selective and sensitive sensing platform for the detection of Hg(II) down to 6 nM in the presence of various metal ions. The detection limit is far below the permissible level as determined by the EPA. Interferences due to Cu(II) and Fe(III) have been eliminated using Na2-EDTA and NH4HF2, respectively. The fluorescent particles are successfully transferred to various solvent systems making Hg(II) determination also possible in non-aqueous media. Finally, the temperature dependent fluorescence change with and without Hg(II) provides information about the metallophilic interaction.

Account of nitroarene reduction with size- and facet-controlled CuO-MnO2 nanocomposites.

In this work, we propose a systematic and delicate size- and shape-controlled synthesis of CuO-MnO2 composite nanostructures from time-dependent redox transformation reactions between Cu2O and KMnO4. The parental size and shape of Cu2O nanostructures are retained, even after the redox transformation, but the morphology becomes porous in nature. After prolonged reaction times (>24 h), the product shapes are ruptured, and as a result, tiny spherical porous nanocomposites of ∼100 nm in size are obtained. This method is highly advantageous due to its low cost, its easy operation, and a surfactant or stabilizing agent-free approach with high reproducibility, and it provides a facile but new way to fabricate porous CuO-MnO2 nanocomposites of varied shape and size. The composite nanomaterials act as efficient recyclable catalysts for nitroarene reduction in water at room temperature. The time-dependent reduction kinetics can be easily monitored by using UV-vis spectrophotometer. The catalytic system is found to be very useful toward the reduction of nitro compounds, regardless of the type and position of the substituent(s). Furthermore, it is revealed that CuO-MnO2 composite nanomaterials exhibit facet-dependent catalytic activity toward nitroarene reduction, where the (111) facet of the composite stands to be more active than that of the (100) facet. The results are also corroborated from the BET surface area measurements. It is worthwhile to mention that porous tiny spheres (product of 48 h reaction) exhibit the highest catalytic activity due to pronounced surface area and smaller size.

Aggregation of nitroaniline in tetrahydrofuran through intriguing H-bond formation by sodium borohydride.

The participation of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in hydrogen bonding interactions and transient anion radical formation has been proved. Thus, the properties of NaBH4 are extended beyond the purview of its normal reducing capability and nucleophilic property. It is reported that ortho- and para-nitroanilines (NAs) form stable aggregates only in tetrahydrofuran (THF) in the presence of NaBH4 and unprecedented orange/red colorations are observed. The same recipe with nitrobenzene instead of nitroanilines (NAs) in the presence of NaBH4 evolves a transient rose red solution due to the formation of a highly fluorescent anion radical. Spectroscopic studies (UV-vis, fluorescence, RLS, Raman, NMR etc.) as well as theoretical calculations supplement the J-aggregate formation of NAs due to extensive hydrogen bonding. This is the first report where BH4(-) in THF has been shown to support such an aggregation process through H-bonding. It is further confirmed that stable intermolecular hydrogen bond-induced aggregation requires a geometrical match in both the nitro- and amino-functionalities attached to the phenyl ring with proper geometry. On the contrary, meta-nitroaniline remains as the odd man out and does not take part in such aggregation. Surprisingly, Au nanoparticles dismantle the J-aggregates of NA in THF. Explicit hydrogen bond formation in NA has been confirmed experimentally considering its promising applications in different fields including non-linear optics.

Structural findings of cinnolines as anti-schizophrenic PDE10A inhibitors through comparative chemometric modeling.

Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder associated with the distortion of striatopallidal neurotransmission of central nervous system. Phosphodiesterase10A (PDE10A) enzyme plays crucial role in cellular signaling pathways in schizophrenia. Inhibition of this enzyme may facilitate better treatment of this disease. 2D-QSAR, HQSAR, pharmacophore mapping, molecular docking, and 3D-QSAR analyses were performed on 81 cinnoline derivatives having PDE10A inhibitory activity. 2D-QSAR models were developed by multiple linear regression and partial least square analyses using both atom based and whole molecular descriptors. The best model, having considerable internal (q(2) = 0.812) and external (R(2)(pred) = 0.691) predictabilities, demonstrated importance of atom-based topological and whole molecular E-state as well as 3D topological indices. The best HQSAR model was also found to be statistically significant (q(2) = 0.664, R(2)(pred) = 0.513) and it highlighted some important structural features. PHASE-based pharmacophore hypothesis showed the importance of three hydrogen bond acceptor and one each of ring aromatic and hydrophobic features for higher activity. 3D-QSAR CoMFA and CoMSIA models were generated on two different types of alignment procedures-(1) pharmacophore (PHASE) based and (2) docking (GLIDE) based. GLIDE-based alignment produced better results for both CoMFA (Q(2) = 0.578; R(2)(pred) = 0.841) and CoMSIA (Q(2) = 0.610; R(2)(pred) = 0.824) methods. Molecular dynamics (MDs) simulations were performed for two ligand-receptor complexes and these simulations explored some crucial factors for higher activity. These findings of MD simulations were consistent with the interpretations obtained from other methods of analyses. The current study may help in designing new PDE10A inhibitors of this class.

Morphology controlled synthesis of SnS2 nanomaterial for promoting photocatalytic reduction of aqueous Cr(VI) under visible light.

A mild, template free protocol has been demonstrated for SnS2 nanoflake formation at the gram level from SnCl2 and thioacetamide (TAA). The SnS2 nanoflakes congregate to nanoflowers and nanoyarns with variable TAA concentrations. BET measurements reveal that the synthesized nanomaterials are highly porous having very high surface area, and the nanoflower has higher surface area than the nanoyarn. The synthesized nanomaterial finds application for promoting photoreduction of extremely toxic and lethal Cr(VI) under visible light irradiation due to their porous nature. The nanoflowers photocatalyst is proved to be superior to nanoyarn due to the increased surface area and higher pore volume. It was also inferred that increased pH decreased the reaction rate. The present result suggests that the morphology-dependent photoreduction of Cr(VI) by SnS2 nanomaterial under visible light exposure will endorse a new technique for harvesting energy and purification of wastewater.

Selective dopamine chemosensing using silver-enhanced fluorescence.

Condensation product of salicylaldehyde and 1,3 propylenediamine becomes a diiminic Schiff base, which is oxidized by AgNO3 in alkaline solution, and in turn, stable Ag(0) is produced at room temperature. Under this condition, the solution exhibits intense silver nanoparticle enhanced fluorescence (SEF) with the λ(em) at 412 nm. Dopamine is selectively detected down to the nanomolar level via exclusive fluorescence quenching of the SEF. Dopamine-infested solution regains the fluorescence [i.e., SEF in the presence of Hg(II) ions]. Thus dopamine and Hg(II) in succession demonstrate "turn off/on" fluorescence due to the change in the scattering cross section of Ag(0) and gives a quantitative measure of dopamine in real samples. The proposed method is free from interferences of common biocompetitors.

The tuning of metal enhanced fluorescence for sensing applications.

Stable coinage metal nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized individually in an aqueous alkaline solution from the corresponding metal salts as precursors using the condensation product (CP) of salicylaldehyde and triethylenetetramine as a reagent. Silver and gold NPs are obtained with and without light illumination but UV irradiation is essential for Cu(0)NP formation. During nanoparticle formation the CP is oxidized to OCP which eventually becomes a fluorophore and also a stabilizer for the in situ produced NPs. It has been observed that silver and gold particle formation kinetics is accelerated by UV exposure. Thus the ease of evolution of coinage metal NP formation relates to their nobility. The as prepared OCP solutions containing coinage metals exhibit a fluorescence contrast behaviour (fluorescence enhancement by Cu and Ag; quenching by AuNP) due to the match and mismatch of wave vectors. The electric field evident from the FDTD simulation abreast of the scattering cross section of the NPs governed from Mie theory as a consequence of surface plasmon coupled emission (SPCE), near field electromagnetic intensity enhancement and lightening rod effect concentrating the electric field around the fluorophore are responsible for the Cu and AgNPs stimulated fluorescence. Again, lossy surface waves are anticipated for efficient quenching by the AuNPs. The most unprecedented observation is 'Turn On' fluorescence which is reported here as a result of the substitution of Au(0) or Cu(0) by Ag(0). Finally, the preferential fluorescence enhancement helps the selective detection of Ag(i) and Cu(ii) well below the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) permissible level by tuning the experimental conditions.

Photoproduced fluorescent Au(I)@(Ag2/Ag3)-thiolate giant cluster: an intriguing sensing platform for DMSO and Pb(II).

Synergistic evolution of fluorescent Au(I)@(Ag2/Ag3)-thiolate core-shell particles has been made possible under the Sun in presence of the respective precursor coinage metal compounds and glutathione (GSH). The green chemically synthesized fluorescent clusters are giant (∼600 nm) in size and robust. Among all the common water miscible solvents, exclusively DMSO exhibits selective fluorescence quenching (Turn Off) because of the removal of GSH from the giant cluster. Again, only Pb(II) ion brings back the lost fluorescence (Turn On) leaving aside all other metal ions. This happens owing to the strong affinity of the sulfur donor of DMSO for Pb(II). Thus, employing the aqueous solution containing the giant cluster, we can detect DMSO contamination in water bodies at trace level. Besides, a selective sensing platform has emerged out for Pb(II) ion with a detection limit of 14 × 10(-8) M. Pb(II) induced fluorescence recovery is again vanished by I(-) implying a promising route to sense I(-) ion.

Pure inorganic gel: a new host with tremendous sorption capability.

In aqueous medium at room temperature Ag(I) forms a metallogel with vanadate ions which doesn't have any carbon in the gel skeleton. The serendipitously discovered inorganic gel, which involves a reasonably large volume of water, is capable of sequestering gas, dye and toxic pollutants from water bodies.

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors in coronary heart disease: Validated comparative QSAR modeling of N, N-disubstituted trifluoro-3-amino-2-propanols.

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) converts high density lipoprotein cholesterol to low density lipoproteins. It is a promising target for treatment of coronary heart disease. Two dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (2D-QSAR), hologram QSAR (HQSAR) studies and comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) as well as comparative molecular similarity analysis (CoMSIA) were performed on 104 CETP inhibitors. The statistical qualities of generated models were justified by internal and external validation, i.e., q(2) and R(2)pred respectively. The best 2D-QSAR model was obtained with q(2) and R(2)pred values of 0.794 and 0.796 respectively. The 2D-QSAR study suggests that unsaturation, branching and van der Waals volumes may play important roles. The HQSAR model showed q(2) and R(2)pred values of 0.628 and 0.550 respectively. Similarly, CoMFA model showed q(2) and R(2)pred values of 0.707 and 0.755 respectively whereas CoMSIA model was obtained with q(2) and R(2)pred values of 0.696 and 0.703 respectively. CoMFA and CoMSIA studies indicate that steric factors are important at substituted phenoxy and tetrafluoroethoxy groups whereas electropositive factors play important role at difluoromethyl group. The results of 3D-QSAR studies validate those of 2D-QSAR and HQSAR studies as well as the earlier observed SAR data. Current work may help to develop better CETP inhibitors.

Ligand based validated comparative chemometric modeling and pharmacophore mapping of aurone derivatives as antimalarial agents.

Chloroquine resistance is nowadays a great problem. Aurone derivatives are effective against chloroquine resistant parasite. Ligand based validated comparative chemometric modeling through 2D-QSAR and kNN-MFA 3DQSAR studies as well as common feature 3D pharmacophore mapping were done on thirtyfive aurone derivatives having antimalarial activity. Statistically significant 2D-QSAR models were generated on unsplitted as well as splitted dataset by MLR and PLS technique. The MLR model of the unsplitted method was validated by two-deep cross validation and 10 fold cross validation for determining the predictive ability. The PLS technique of the unsplitted method was done to compare the significance of these methods. In the splitted method, model was developed on the training set by Y-based ranking method by using the same descriptors and was validated on fifty pairs of the test and the training sets by k-MCA technique. These models generated by using the same descriptors were well validated irrespective of MLR as well as PLS analysis of unsplitted as well as splitted methods and are showing similar results. Therefore, these descriptors and model generated were reliable and robust. The kNN-MFA 3D-QSAR models were generated by three variable selection methods: genetic algorithm, simulated annealing and stepwise regression. The kNN-MFA 3D-QSAR results support the 2D QSAR data and in turn validate the earlier observed SAR results. Common feature 3D-pharmacophore generation was performed on these compounds to validate both 2D and 3D-QSAR studies as well as the earlier observed SAR data. The work highlights the required structural features for the higher antimalarial activity.

Green synthesis and reversible dispersion of a giant fluorescent cluster in solid and liquid phase.

A water-soluble highly fluorescent silver cluster on Au(I) surface has been synthesized with green chemistry under sunlight. The evolution of the silver cluster is synergistic, demanding gold and glutathione. The fluorescent Au(I)core-Ag(0)shell particles are huge in size and at the same time they are robust. That is why they become a deliverable fluorescing solid upon drying. Again, the giant particles run into common water miscible solvents. As a result, the fluorescence intensity increases to a great extent without any alteration of emission maxima. In this respect, acetone has been found to be the best-suited solvent. To have a universal applicability of the fluorescent clusters, the particles in the water pool of a reverse micelle have been prepared to transfer the particles into different water immiscible solvents. The comparatively lower fluorescence intensity of the particles has been ascribed to a space confinement effect. Finally, giant-cluster-impregnated yellow-orange fluorescent polymer film and fluorescent cotton wool, as well as paper substrate, have been prepared. The antibacterial activity of the fluorescent particle has also been tested involving modified cotton wool and paper substrate for Gram-negative and -positive Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively.