ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Inflammation is a prominent clinical manifestation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, often associated with insulin resistance, metabolic dysregulation, and other complications. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study has been designed to check the serum levels of PAR-1 and correlate with various clinical manifestations and inflammatory cytokines levels in type 2 diabetic subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study population was divided into two groups, healthy volunteers (n = 15): normal glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (4.26 ± 0.55) and type 2 diabetic subjects (n = 30): HbA1c levels (7.80 ± 2.41). The serum levels of PAR-1 (ELISA method) were studied in both groups and correlated with demographic parameters age, weight, body mass index (BMI), and conventional inflammation biomarkers like C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). RESULTS: The demographic variables including the body weight (77.38 ± 10.00 vs. controls 55.26 ± 6.99), BMI (29.39 ± 3.61 vs. controls 25.25 ± 4.01), glycemic index HbA1c (7.80 ± 2.41 vs. controls 4.26 ± 0.55) were found to be statistically increased in T2DM subjects than the healthy control group. The levels of various inflammatory biomarkers and PAR-1 were significantly elevated in T2DM groups in comparison to healthy volunteers. The univariate and multivariate regression analysis revealed that elevated PAR-1 levels positively correlated with increased body weight, BMI, HbA1c, and inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the elevated serum PAR-1 levels serve as an independent predictor of inflammation in T2DM subjects and might have prognostic value for determining T2DM progression.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Receptor, PAR-1 , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , Biomarkers , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Body Weight , C-Reactive Protein/analysis , Cytokines , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis , Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis , Glycated Hemoglobin/metabolism , Humans , Inflammation/complications , Inflammation/diagnosis , Interleukin-6 , Interleukin-8 , Receptor, PAR-1/bloodABSTRACT
Two recent articles (Moncrief V. 2015 In General relativity and gravitation-A centennial perspective (eds A Asthekar, B Berger, J Isenberg, M MacCallum), pp. 480-498. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; Moncrief V, Mondal P. 2019 Pure Appl. Math. Q. 15, 921-965. (doi:10.4310/PAMQ.2019.v15.n3.a7)) suggested an interesting dynamical mechanism within the framework of the vacuum Einstein flow (or [Formula: see text] flow if a positive cosmological constant [Formula: see text] is included) which suggests that many closed (compact without boundary) manifolds that do not support homogeneous and isotropic metrics at all will nevertheless evolve to be asymptotically compatible with the observed approximate homogeneity and isotropy of the physical universe. These studies however did not include matter sources. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to include suitable matter sources and investigate whether one is able to draw a similar conclusion. This article is part of the theme issue 'The future of mathematical cosmology, Volume 1'.
