ABSTRACT
Resumen: Objetivo: Monitorear el consumo de drogas a través de la medición de sus metabolitos en aguas residuales. Material y métodos: Se obtuvieron muestras de 31 plantas de tratamiento de agua residual y de 95 sitios con poblaciones específicas (38 escuelas, 42 unidades de tratamiento de adicciones y 15 centros de readaptación social). Usando cromatografía líquida de ultra-alta resolución, se midieron nueve metabolitos de seis drogas. Resultados: Ocho de nueve metabolitos de drogas fueron identificados en aguas residuales. Los metabolitos de marihuana (THC-COOH), cocaína (benzoilecgonina) y metanfetamina fueron identificados en escuelas, centros de readaptación social y de tratamiento de adicciones. En Nuevo Laredo, Culiacán y Torreón se encontraron los consumos per cápita más elevados de cocaína, marihuana, anfetamina y metanfetamina. Conclusiones: El monitoreo del uso de drogas a través de aguas residuales es factible en México y podría constituir un sistema de vigilancia para identificar cambios de su consumo en el tiempo.
Abstract: Objective: Monitor drug use through wastewater metabolite measurement. Materials and methods: Wastewater samples were obtained from 31 wastewater treatment plants and 95 sites with specific populations (38 schools, 42 units of addiction treatment and 15 penitentiaries). Using ultra high liquid chromatography, we measured nine metabolites from six drugs. Results: Eight out of nine drug metabolites were identified in the samples. Marijuana (THC-COOH), cocaine (benzoylecgonine) and methamphetamine were identified in schools, centers of addiction treatment and penitentiaries. Nuevo Laredo, Culiacan and Torreon had the highest consumption of cocaine, marijuana, amphetamine and methamphetamine. Conclusions: Monitoring drug use through wastewater is feasible in Mexico and could constitute a surveillance system to identify changes in the time.
Subject(s)
Humans , Illicit Drugs/analysis , Water Consumption (Environmental Health) , Substance Abuse Detection/methods , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Dronabinol/analysis , Dronabinol/analogs & derivatives , Cannabis/chemistry , Feasibility Studies , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Cities/epidemiology , Cocaine/analysis , Cocaine/analogs & derivatives , Community Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Water Purification , Heroin/analysis , Methamphetamine/analysis , Mexico/epidemiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Monitor drug use through wastewater metabolite measurement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wastewater samples were obtained from 31 wastewater treatment plants and 95 sites with specific populations (38 schools, 42 units of addiction treatment and 15 penitentiaries). Using ultra high liquid chromatography, we measured nine metabolites from six drugs. RESULTS: Eight out of nine drug metabolites were identified in the samples. Marijuana (THC-COOH), cocaine (benzoylecgonine) and methamphetamine were identified in schools, centers of addiction treatment and penitentiaries. Nuevo Laredo, Culiacan and Torreon had the highest consumption of cocaine, marijuana, amphetamine and methamphetamine. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring drug use through wastewater is feasible in Mexico and could constitute a surveillance system to identify changes in the time.
OBJECTIVE: Monitorear el consumo de drogas a través de la medición de sus metabolitos en aguas residuales. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Se obtuvieron muestras de 31 plantas de tratamiento de agua residual y de 95 sitios con poblaciones específicas (38 escuelas, 42 unidades de tratamiento de adicciones y 15 centros de readaptación social). Usando cromatografía líquida de ultra-alta resolución, se midieron nueve metabolitos de seis drogas. RESULTS: Ocho de nueve metabolitos de drogas fueron identificados en aguas residuales. Los metabolitos de marihuana (THC-COOH), cocaína (benzoilecgonina) y metanfetamina fueron identificados en escuelas, centros de readaptación social y de tratamiento de adicciones. En Nuevo Laredo, Culiacán y Torreón se encontraron los consumos per cápita más elevados de cocaína, marihuana, anfetamina y metanfetamina. CONCLUSIONS: El monitoreo del uso de drogas a través de aguas residuales es factible en México y podría constituir un sistema de vigilancia para identificar cambios de su consumo en el tiempo.
Subject(s)
Illicit Drugs/analysis , Substance Abuse Detection/methods , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Wastewater/chemistry , Cannabis/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Cities/epidemiology , Cocaine/analogs & derivatives , Cocaine/analysis , Community Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Dronabinol/analogs & derivatives , Dronabinol/analysis , Feasibility Studies , Heroin/analysis , Humans , Methamphetamine/analysis , Mexico/epidemiology , Morphine/analysis , N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/analysis , Pilot Projects , Schools/statistics & numerical data , Substance Abuse Treatment Centers/statistics & numerical data , Time Factors , Water PurificationABSTRACT
Legal abortion services have been available in public and private health facilities in Mexico City since April 2007 for pregnancies of up to 12 weeks gestation. As of January 2011, more than 50,000 procedures have been performed by Ministry of Health hospitals and clinics. We researched trends in service users' characteristics, types of procedures performed, post-procedure complications, repeat abortions, and postabortion uptake of contraception in 15 designated hospitals from April 2007 to March 2010. The trend in procedures has been toward more medication and manual vacuum aspiration abortions and fewer done through dilation and curettage. Percentages of post-procedure complications and repeat abortions remain low (2.3 and 0.9 percent, respectively). Uptake of postabortion contraception has increased over time; 85 percent of women selected a method in 2009-10, compared with 73 percent in 2007-08. Our findings indicate that the Ministry of Health's program provides safe services that contribute to the prevention of repeat unintended pregnancies.
Subject(s)
Abortion Applicants/classification , Abortion, Legal , Family Planning Services/trends , National Health Programs/organization & administration , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Abortion Applicants/psychology , Abortion, Legal/legislation & jurisprudence , Abortion, Legal/methods , Abortion, Legal/standards , Abortion, Legal/statistics & numerical data , Aftercare/standards , Aftercare/statistics & numerical data , Contraception/statistics & numerical data , Contraception/trends , Contraception Behavior/trends , Family Planning Services/standards , Female , Humans , Mexico , Patient Selection , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Trimester, First , Pregnancy, Unplanned , Vacuum Curettage/adverse effects , Vacuum Curettage/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Motor vehicle accidents represent a public health problem in Mexico City due to the morbidity and mortality they involve; they are caused by the recklessness of drivers and failure to observe the transit regulations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Deaths due to motor vehicle accidents that occurred between 2005 and 2006 were analyzed according to the age group, type of accident, type of vehicle, hour and day of the accident. In case of deaths, the site of death--accident site, ambulance or hospital--was determined. RESULTS: The number of alcohol-related accidents decreased as a result of programs like the breathalyzer and radar. DISCUSSION: The measures implemented to reduce the accident-related mortality rate in Mexico City have not been effective enough from the perspective of the overall phenomenon, and thus the mortality shows a stable trend.
