Bioactive compounds from extra virgin olive oils: Correlation between phenolic content and oxidative stress cell protection.

When compared with other edible vegetable oils, the extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) exhibits excellent nutritional properties due to the presence of biophenolic compounds. Although they constitute only a very small amount of the unsaponifiable fraction of EVOO, biophenols strongly contribute to the sensorial properties of this precious food conferring it, for example, the bitter or pungent taste. Furthermore, it has been found that biophenols possess beneficial effects against many human pathologies such as oxidative stress, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and aging-related illness. In the present work, the biophenolic content of 51 Italian and Spanish EVOOs was qualitatively and quantitatively identified and their antioxidant ability analyzed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Results indicated that the maximum relationship can be found if the ORAC value is correlated with the concentration of the large family composed by ligstroside and oleuropein derivatives together with their degradation products, hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol. Then, selected biophenolic extracts were tested in NIH-3T3 cell line to verify their ability in the recovery of the oxidative stress revealed by DCFH-DA assay. Results were linearly correlated with the concentration of ligstroside aglycone (aldehyde and hydroxyl form).

Blends of olive oil and seeds oils: characterisation and olive oil quantification using fatty acids composition and chemometric tools. Part II.

A method to verify the percentage of olive oil in a blend, in compliance with the Commission Regulation EU No. 29/2012, was developed by GC-FID analysis of methyl esters of fatty acids, followed by chemometric tools (PCA, TFA, SIMCA and PLS). First of all, binary blends of twelve olive oils and one sunflower oil were studied, in order to evaluate the variability associated to the fatty acids profile of olive oils (Monfreda, Gobbi, & Grippa, 2012). In this study, binary blends of twelve olive oils with four types of seeds oils (peanut, corn, rice and grape seed oils) were evaluated. These four groups of blends were analysed and processed separately, each group consisting of 36 samples with 40%, 50% and 60% of olive oil content. Chemometric tools were also applied to the global data set (180 samples, including those analysed in the previous paper). Outstanding results were achieved, showing that the proposed method would be capable to discriminate blends with a difference in concentration of olive oil lower than 5% (a standard error of prediction of 3.97% was obtained with PLS). Therefore blends containing 45% and 55% of olive oil were also analysed with the current method and added to the data sets for chemometric assessment with supervised tools. SIMCA still provided good models; however the best performance was achieved by processing each group of binary blends (consisting of 60 samples) separately, rather than applying SIMCA to the overall data set (300 samples). On the other hand PLS did not show significant improvements.

Blends of olive oil and sunflower oil: characterisation and olive oil quantification using fatty acid composition and chemometric tools.

A method capable of recognising the percentage of olive oil in a blend is required to verify whether its labelling complies with the statements set out by the Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1019/2002. In this study an analytical methodology was developed in order to define blends of olive oil and sunflower oil, which contain 50% of olive oil, compared to blends with 40% and 60% of it, respectively. Methyl esters of fatty acids were analysed by GC-FID and processed through chemometric tools (PCA, TFA, SIMCA and PLS). A strong differentiation of blends according to the amount of olive oil contained and a quantification model with a standard error of prediction of 1.51% were obtained. As this issue represents a significant analytical challenge, variability associated with the fatty acid composition of olive oil was first studied.