ABSTRACT
Left ventricular non compaction (LVNC) is a cardiomyopathy due to an arrest of the normal development of myocardium which determines the persistence of fetal myocardium in postnatal life in at least 2/3 of the wall (criterion known as non compacted/ compacted ratio greater than 2). Although in absence of a confirmed prevalence of LVNC, reviewing literature shows an increasing number of reports over the years, though diagnosed cases represent just the tip of a realistically far wider phenomenon. Clinical manifestations are variable, ranging from the absence of any symptom to congestive heart failure, arrhythmias and systemic thromboembolism. Echocardiography is the gold standard for the diagnosis. Tissue Doppler and three-dimensional echocardiography may give further information in the evaluation of patients affected by LVNC. Magnetic resonance could refine diagnosis particularly in those patients with not conclusive echocardiogram: it may help in differential diagnosis and give prognostic information. There is no specific therapy for patients with LVNC but the treatment is aimed at treating heart failure, or other complications such as arrhythmias and thromboembolic events.
Subject(s)
Echocardiography/methods , Isolated Noncompaction of the Ventricular Myocardium/diagnosis , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/diagnosis , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/therapy , Diagnosis, Differential , Echocardiography, Doppler/methods , Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional/methods , Heart Failure/diagnosis , Heart Failure/etiology , Heart Failure/therapy , Humans , Isolated Noncompaction of the Ventricular Myocardium/physiopathology , Isolated Noncompaction of the Ventricular Myocardium/therapy , Prognosis , Thromboembolism/diagnosis , Thromboembolism/etiology , Thromboembolism/therapySubject(s)
Electrocardiography , Heart Conduction System , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Tachycardia, Ventricular/diagnosis , Adolescent , Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/diagnosis , Heart Conduction System/pathology , Heart Conduction System/physiopathology , Humans , Predictive Value of Tests , Sensitivity and Specificity , Tachycardia, Ventricular/physiopathologyABSTRACT
In this paper, using extended thermodynamics, we build up a nonlinear theory for a dilute nonviscous gas under heat flux. The fundamental fields are the density, the velocity, the internal energy density, and the heat flux. The constitutive theory is builtup without approximations. We single out the nonlinear complete expressions of the Gibbs equation and of the nonequilibrium pressure. In particular, we determine the complete expressions furnished by the theory for the nonequilibrium pressure tensor and thermodynamic pressure, i.e., the derivative of the nonequilibrium internal specific entropy with respect to the specific volume, times the nonequilibrium temperature. In a second-order approximation these expressions are identical with those obtained in Phys. Rev. E 51, 158 (1995), using information theory.
