ABSTRACT
In 2018, Kilauea Volcano experienced its largest lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption and caldera collapse in at least 200 years. After collapse of the Pu'u 'O'o vent on 30 April, magma propagated downrift. Eruptive fissures opened in the LERZ on 3 May, eventually extending ~6.8 kilometers. A 4 May earthquake [moment magnitude (M w) 6.9] produced ~5 meters of fault slip. Lava erupted at rates exceeding 100 cubic meters per second, eventually covering 35.5 square kilometers. The summit magma system partially drained, producing minor explosions and near-daily collapses releasing energy equivalent to M w 4.7 to 5.4 earthquakes. Activity declined rapidly on 4 August. Summit collapse and lava flow volume estimates are roughly equivalent-about 0.8 cubic kilometers. Careful historical observation and monitoring of Kilauea enabled successful forecasting of hazardous events.
ABSTRACT
Results from this survey need to be viewed within the context of the small number of responses (20%), which may not fully represent the knowledge base of all house officers. Recommendations established by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) define standards of care for acute and chronic pain management and address many of the problems seen nationally with meperidine and its metabolite, normeperidine. Data from this survey have assisted us in providing educational programs which are in line with these guidelines for house officers.
Subject(s)
Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use , Meperidine/therapeutic use , Narcotics/therapeutic use , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacokinetics , Humans , Meperidine/pharmacokinetics , Narcotics/pharmacokinetics , Pain, Postoperative/prevention & control , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Thirty postmenopausal women with rheumatoid disease were investigated with skin biopsies and radiological measurements of skin thickness. When compared with menopausal-age-matched controls, the rheumatoid patients had significantly reduced skin collagen content and increased skin thickness.
Subject(s)
Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism , Collagen/analysis , Skin/analysis , Aged , Biopsy , Female , Humans , Male , Menopause , Middle Aged , Skin/pathology , Skinfold Thickness , ThighABSTRACT
Skin collagen content and skin thickness in a group of postmenopausal women who had been treated with sex hormone implants were compared with those in an untreated group of similar women. Both skin collagen content and thickness were found to be significantly greater in the treated than in the untreated group. In the untreated women skin collagen content declined in relation to menopausal age but not to chronological age. No correlation was found with menopausal age, chronological age or duration of therapy in the treated group. These data suggest that skin collagen is influenced by the sex hormone status and declines after the menopause, contributing to the increase in urinary hydroxyproline excretion that has been reported to occur at this time.
