ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Recently, we reported the presence of phantom thermal sensations in amputees: thermal stimulation of specific spots on the residual arm elicited thermal sensations in their missing hands. Here, we exploit phantom thermal sensations via a standalone system integrated into a robotic prosthetic hand to provide real-time and natural temperature feedback. METHODS: The subject (a male adult with unilateral transradial amputation) used the sensorized prosthesis to manipulate objects and distinguish their thermal properties. We tested his ability to discriminate between (1) hot, cold, and ambient temperature objects, (2) different materials (copper, glass, and plastic), and (3) artificial versus human hands. We also introduced the thermal box and block test (thermal BBT), a test to evaluate real-time temperature discrimination during standardized pick-and-place tasks. FINDINGS: The subject performed all three discrimination tasks above chance level with similar accuracies as with his intact hand. Additionally, in all 15 sessions of the thermal BBT, he correctly placed more than half of the samples. Finally, the phantom thermal sensation was stable during the 13 recording sessions spread over 400 days. CONCLUSION: Our study paves the way for more natural hand prostheses that restore the full palette of sensations. FUNDING: This work was funded by the Bertarelli Foundation (including the Catalyst program); the Swiss National Science Foundation through the National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Robotics; the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program; the Horizon Europe Research & Innovation Program; the Ministry of University and Research (MUR), National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP); and the Tuscany Health Ecosystem.