Detection of Plasmid-Mediated Resistance against Colistin in Multi-Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli Isolated from a Tertiary Hospital.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes among colistin and multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli strains isolated from patients in a tertiary hospital in Toluca, Mexico. The presence of mcr genes among the 241 strains collected was assessed by PCR. In the case of mcr-carrying E. coli, further PCR tests were performed to determine the presence of blaCTX-M and whether the strains belonged to the O25b-ST131 clone. Conjugation experiments were also carried out to assess the horizontal transmission of colistin resistance. A total of twelve strains (5.0%), of which four were E. coli; four were P. aeruginosa; three were K. pneumoniae, and one E. cloacae, were found to be resistant to colistin. Of these strains, two E. coli isolates were found to carry mcr-1, and Southern blot hybridization demonstrated its presence on an approximately 60 kb plasmid. Both mcr-1-carrying E. coli strains were found to co-express blaCTX-M, belong to the O25b-ST131 clone, and horizontally transmit their colistin resistance. The results of this study confirm the presence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in hospitalized patients in Mexico and demonstrated that the multi-drug-resistant O25b-ST131 E. coli clone can acquire mcr genes and transmit such resistance traits to other bacteria.

Molecular typification of Escherichia coli from community-acquired urinary tract infections in Mexico.

One hundred and five uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains from patients with community-acquired urinary tract infections were characterized according to phylogenetic group, virulence factors, serogroup, antibiotic resistance, and genotype. The pathogenic phylogenetic groups (B2, D, and F) were found in 71.4% of the tested strains. Among them, the main uropathogenic serogroups were O8, O25, and O75, in which 97.1% of the strains had a multidrug-resistant profile. Sixteen virulence genes were analysed using a combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, with the fimH, irp-2, iutA, aer, iucC, PAI, sat, iroN, usp, and cnf1 genes being mainly found in pathogenic phylogroups. The E. coli O25b-ST131 clone was identified in 32% of the strains assigned to the pathogenic phylogroup B2. These findings demonstrate that virulence genes encoding adhesin components, iron-acquisition systems, toxins, and pathogenicity-associated islands were highly prevalent among the pathogenic phylogroup of UPEC strains.

Identification and characterization of class 1 integrons among multidrug-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains in Mexico.

This study aimed to identify and characterize integrons among multidrug-resistant (MDR) uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) from outpatients in Mexico City, Mexico. PCR assays were used to screen for the presence of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons, whose PCR products were sequenced to identify the inserted gene cassettes within the variable regions. Out of 83 tested strains, 53 (63.9%) were positive for the presence of class 1 integrons, whereas no integrons were detected in the remaining strains, regardless of their classes. Most of the strains carrying the intI1 gene belonged to the extraintestinal B2 (41.5%) and commensal A (32.1%) phylogroups, and to a lesser extent, the extraintestinal D (20.8%) and commensal B1 (5.7%) phylogroups. Moreover, 8 different gene cassette arrangements were detected, with dfrA17 and aadA5 being the most common (32.1% of the class 1 integron-positive strains), which confer resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and aminoglycosides, respectively. Our results suggest that class 1 integrons are widely distributed among MDR-UPEC strains in Mexico, which may directly or indirectly contribute to the selection of MDR strains. These findings are important for a better understanding of the factors and mechanisms that promote multidrug resistance among UPEC strains.

|Isolation and characterization of novel bacteriophages as a potential therapeutic option for Escherichia coli urinary tract infections.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are mainly caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), whose impact can be exacerbated by multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Effective control strategies are, therefore, urgently needed. Among them, phage therapy represents a suitable alternative. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of novel phages from wastewater samples, as well as their lytic activity against biofilm and adherence of UPEC to HEp-2 cells. The results demonstrated that phage vB_EcoM-phiEc1 (ϕEc1) belongs to Myoviridae family, whereas vB_EcoS-phiEc3 (ϕEc3) and vB_EcoS-phiEc4 (ϕEc4) belong to Siphoviridae family. Phages showed lytic activity against UPEC and gut commensal strains. Phage ϕEc1 lysed UPEC serogroups, whereas phages ϕEc3 and ϕEc4 lysed only UTI strains with higher prevalence toward the O25 serogroup. Moreover, phages ϕEc1 and ϕEc3 decreased both biofilm formation and adherence, whereas ϕEc4 was able to decrease adherence but not biofilm formation. In conclusion, these novel phages showed the ability to decrease biofilm and bacterial adherence, making them promising candidates for effective adjuvant treatment against UTIs caused by MDR UPEC strains. KEY POINTS: Phage with lytic activity against MDR UPEC strains were isolated and characterized under in vitro conditions. A novel method was proposed to evaluate phage activity against bacterial adherence in HEp-2 cell.. Phages represent a suitable strategy to control infections caused by MDR bacteria.

Indicadores de bioquímica sanguínea y perfil hormonal en vacas suplementadas con Trébol rojo (Trifolium pratense) / Evaluation of the consumption of red clover (trifolium pratense) on the blood profile in dairy cows / Avaliação do consumo de trevovermelho (trifolium pratense) no perfil sanguíneo em vacas leiteiras

Resumen Introducción: el trébol rojo es una leguminosa usada en la nutrición bovina por su aporte de proteína, actualmente se conoce que produce naturalmente metabolitos secundarios que son similares a los estrógenos, ocasionando alteraciones en la capacidad reproductiva de los animales. Objetivo: determinar los efectos del consumo de Trébol rojo sobre el perfil sanguíneo en vacas lecheras en la Granja Tunguavita de la UPTC. Materiales y Métodos: se seleccionaron 32 animales con características similares, se dividieron aleatoriamente en cuatro tratamientos: G1: 8 vacas con suplemento de trébol rojo según sus requerimientos, G2: 8 vacas con suplemento de trébol rojo 25% adicional, G3: 8 vacas con suplemento de trébol rojo 50% adicional y G4: ningún suplemento, durante 60 días. Antes de la suplementación, a los 30 y 60 días post suplementación se midieron variables como estradiol (E2), progesterona (P4), hormona luteinizante (LH), Triglicéridos, triyodotironina (T3), Tiroxina (T4), Insulina, hormona estimulante de la tiroides (TSH), glucosa y nitrógeno ureico en sangre (BUN). Resultados: entre los grupos suplementados con Trébol rojo no se observaron diferencias estadísticas; pero con relación al grupo control se evidencia que los valores de estradiol, LH, BUN, TSH y progesterona fueron menor que (P <0.05); por otra parte, los niveles de T3 y T4 mostraron un comportamiento similar durante todo el experimento y se observó un aumento en los valores de insulina y triglicéridos. Conclusiones: la suplementación con trébol rojo influye negativamente en la conducta reproductiva de vacas lecheras, presentándose valores inferiores en las variables evaluadas.

Abstract Introduction: red clover is a legume that has been used in bovine nutrition for its contribution of protein, is now known to naturally produce secondary metabolites that are like the estrogens of mammals, causing alterations in the reproductive capacity of animals. Objective: determine the effects of red clover consumption on blood profile in dairy cows on the farm Tunguavita of the UPTC. Materials and Methods: 32 animals with similar characteristics were selected, they were randomly divided into four treatments: T1: 8 cows with red clover supplement according to their requirements, T2: 8 cows with extra red clover supplement 25%, T3: 8 cows with extra red clover supplement 50% and T4: no supplement, for 60 days. Before supplementation, at 30- and 60-days post-supplementation, variables such as estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), luteinizing hormone (LH), triglycerides, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), insulin, stimulating hormone were measured the thyroid (TSH), glucose and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Results: among the groups supplemented with Red Clover, no statistical differences were observed; but in relation to the control group it is evident that the values of estradiol, LH, BUN, TSH and progesterone were lower than (P <0.05); On the other hand, the levels of T3 and T4 showed a similar behavior throughout the experiment and an increase in the values of insulin and triglycerides was observed. Conclusions: the supplementation with red clover has a negative effect on the reproductive behavior of dairy cows, presenting lower values in the variables evaluated.

Resumo Introdução: o trevo vermelho é uma leguminosa que tem sido utilizada na nutrição bovina por sua contribuição de proteína, atualmente conhecida por produzir naturalmente metabólitos secundários que são similares aos estrogênios dos mamíferos, causando alterações na capacidade reprodutiva dos animais. Objetivo: determinar os efeitos do consumo de trevo vermelho no perfil sanguíneo em vacas leiteiras na Fazenda Tunguavita da UPTC. Materiais e Métodos: foram selecionados 32 animais com características semelhantes, divididos aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos: T1: 8 vacas com suplemento de trevo vermelho de acordo com suas necessidades, T2: 8 vacas com suplemento de trevo vermelho, 25% adicionais, T3: 8 vacas com Suplemento adicional de 50% de trevo vermelho e T4: sem suplemento, por 60 dias. Antes da suplementação, aos 30 e 60 dias pós-suplementação, foram medidas variáveis como estradiol (E2), progesterona (P4), hormônio luteinizante (LH), triglicérides, triiodotironina (T3), tiroxina (T4), insulina, hormônio estimulante a tiróide (TSH), glicose e nitrogênio ureico no sangue (BUN). Resultados: entre os grupos suplementados com Red Clover, não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas; mas em relação ao grupo controle, é evidente que os valores de estradiol, LH, BUN, TSH e progesterona foram menores que (P <0,05); Por outro lado, os níveis de T3 e T4 apresentaram comportamento semelhante ao longo do experimento e observou-se aumento nos valores de insulina e triglicerídeos. Conclusões: a suplementação com trevo vermelho tem efeito negativo sobre o comportamento reprodutivo de vacas leiteiras, apresentando valores inferiores nas variáveis avaliadas.

Characterization of a novel AraC/XylS-regulated family of N-acyltransferases in pathogens of the order Enterobacterales.

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is a diarrheagenic pathotype associated with traveler's diarrhea, foodborne outbreaks and sporadic diarrhea in industrialized and developing countries. Regulation of virulence in EAEC is mediated by AggR and its negative regulator Aar. Together, they control the expression of at least 210 genes. On the other hand, we observed that about one third of Aar-regulated genes are related to metabolism and transport. In this study we show the AggR/Aar duo controls the metabolism of lipids. Accordingly, we show that AatD, encoded in the AggR-regulated aat operon (aatPABCD) is an N-acyltransferase structurally similar to the essential Apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase Lnt and is required for the acylation of Aap (anti-aggregation protein). Deletion of aatD impairs post-translational modification of Aap and causes its accumulation in the bacterial periplasm. trans-complementation of 042aatD mutant with the AatD homolog of ETEC or with the N-acyltransferase Lnt reestablished translocation of Aap. Site-directed mutagenesis of the E207 residue in the putative acyltransferase catalytic triad disrupted the activity of AatD and caused accumulation of Aap in the periplasm due to reduced translocation of Aap at the bacterial surface. Furthermore, Mass spectroscopy revealed that Aap is acylated in a putative lipobox at the N-terminal of the mature protein, implying that Aap is a lipoprotein. Lastly, deletion of aatD impairs bacterial colonization of the streptomycin-treated mouse model. Our findings unveiled a novel N-acyltransferase family associated with bacterial virulence, and that is tightly regulated by AraC/XylS regulators in the order Enterobacterales.

Characterization of auto-agglutinating and non-typeable uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains.

INTRODUCTION: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the main etiological agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Association between different serotypes and UTIs is known, however, some strains are incapable to be serotyped. The aim of this work was to study bthe phenotypical and genotypical characteristics of 113 non-typeable (NT) and auto-agglutinating (AA) E. coli strains, isolated from UTIs in children and adults. METHODOLOGY: The 113 UPEC strains were analyzed by PCR assays using specific primers to determine their serogroups, fimH, papC, iutA, sat, hlyCA and cnf1, virulence associated genes, and chuA, yjaA and TSPE4.C2 for phylogroup determination. Additionally, the diffusion disk method was performed to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance to 18 antimicrobial agents. RESULTS: Using the PCR assay, 63% (71) of the strains were genotyped showing O25 and O75 as the most common serogroups. The virulence genes fimH (86%) and iutA (74%) were the most prevalent, in relation to the phylogroups the commensal (A and B1) and virulent (B2 and D) showed similar frequencies (P > 0.05). The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed a high percentage (73%) of multidrug-resistant strains. CONCLUSIONS: The genotyping allowed identifying the serogroup in many of the strains that could not be typed by traditional serology. The strains carried virulence genes and were multidrug-resistant in both, commensal and virulent phylogroups. Our findings revealed that, in addition to the classical UPEC serogroups, there are pathogenic serogroups not reported yet.

Eye Movements During Visual Speech Perception in Deaf and Hearing Children.

For children who are born deaf, lipreading (speechreading) is an important source of access to spoken language. We used eye tracking to investigate the strategies used by deaf (n = 33) and hearing 5-8-year-olds (n = 59) during a sentence speechreading task. The proportion of time spent looking at the mouth during speech correlated positively with speechreading accuracy. In addition, all children showed a tendency to watch the mouth during speech and watch the eyes when the model was not speaking. The extent to which the children used this communicative pattern, which we refer to as social-tuning, positively predicted their speechreading performance, with the deaf children showing a stronger relationship than the hearing children. These data suggest that better speechreading skills are seen in those children, both deaf and hearing, who are able to guide their visual attention to the appropriate part of the image and in those who have a good understanding of conversational turn-taking.

Characterization of Escherichia coli causing community acquired urinary tract infections in Mexico City.

The O25-ST131 clone was identified within 169 uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains. The 44.8% of the 29 O25-ST131 clones detected were positive to least to one extended-spectrum ß-lactamase gene. The phylogroup D was mainly found. The O25-ST131 clone appeared to be associated with community-acquired UTI in Mexico City.

[Fetal diagnosis and prognosis of Ebstein's anomaly]. / Diagnóstico y pronóstico fetal de la anomalía de Ebstein.

BACKGROUND: Currently fetal echocardiography may confirm the diagnosis in utero of Ebstein anomaly, as well as determine the perinatal outcome with high certainty. OBJECTIVE: To review 16 cases diagnosed with Ebstein anomaly, by fetal echocardiography, analyzing prognostic echocardiographic parameters set by Pavlova and colleagues. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A descriptive, observational, retrospective study was done in patients with fetal diagnosis of Ebstein anomaly, during January 2001 to December 2011. Echocardiographic parameters are analyzed and its correlation to perinatal evolution of 16 cases of Ebstein anomaly. RESULTS: Maternal age was of 27.94 + 5.7 years, gestational age was 31.3 +/- 3.6 weeks. In utero mortality represented 37.5% (n = 6), and neonatal mortality 50% (n = 8), two patients (12.5%) survived. Cardiothoracic index was of 0.61 +/- 0.074, ratio foramen ovale-atrial septal was of 0.6 +/- 0.015, obstruction of the outflow tract of the right ventricle was seen in 14 (87.5%) patients; 81% of the deceased had a degree of displacement valve > 2.5; ratio right ventricle-left ventricle 2.24 +/- 0.37. The umbilical vein was throbbing in 64% of the deceased, the tricuspid insufficiency was severe in 15 cases (94%, 21.62 +/- 2.82 mmHg), hydrops affected 18.7% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The following factors are of bad prognosis in fetal stage of Ebstein anomaly: cardiothoracic index > 0.55, relative foramen ovale-atrial septal <0.3, the obstruction to the outflow tract, a degree of valve displacement > 2.5, absence of reverse flow in the duct arteriosus, ratio right ventricle-left ventricle > 2. The Ebstein anomaly diagnosed in utero has a perinatal mortality of 87.5%.

[Clinical guide practice. Patent ductus arteriosus]. / Guía de práctica clínica. Persistencia del conducto arterioso.

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is the most common congenital heart disease in Mexico. The clinical manifestations of the PCA are from asymptomatic patients to the presence of heart failure. Its management should be individualized based on clinical, hemodynamic data and presence of pulmonary hypertension. Our objective was to provide current medical recommendations based on the best, available scientific evidence for the diagnosis, study and therapeutic decisions of the PCA. Established a standardized sequence to search for Practice Guidelines, based on the clinical questions about PCA diagnosis and treatment. Most of the recommendations were taken from selected guidelines and supplemented with the remaining material. The information is expressed in levels of evidence (E) and grade of recommendation (R) according to the characteristics of the study design and type of publications. Currently produces large amounts of medical information in a relatively short period of time which is necessary to have evidence-based CPG to facilitate and standardize the diagnostic decision-treatment to provide better care for children and adults with PCA.

[Fetal echocardiography efficiency. Clinical experience]. / Eficacia de la ecocardiografía fetal. Experiencia clínica.

BACKGROUND: Congenital heart disease diagnostic has a high diagnostic precision with fetal echocardiography. This study has been reported in populations with high risk and with a sensibility of 86 to 99% and specificity of 91 to 100%. OBJECTIVE: To know sensibility and specificity of fetal echocardiography in high-risk pregnancies, and to describe types and frequency of congenital heart disease in utero. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 229 files of pregnant women with high-risk factors, more than 15 weeks of gestation, and at birth cardiovascular exam were analyzed. This analysis was made by means of simple frequencies, sensibility, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and truth index calculation. RESULTS: We found 62 (27%) cases with fetal heart disease. Mean of maternal age was 27 +/- 5.5 years, and of gestational age 31 +/- 5 weeks. Risk factors that require study were: four-chamber abnormality in routine ultrasound, dysmorphy, fetal bradicardia, and poll and oligohydramnios. There were 55 (88.7%) high-risk heart diseases, and most frequent were Ebstein's anomaly, unique ventricle, hypoplastic left ventricle syndrome, and tumors. Sensibility was 98.41%, specificity was 97.59%, positive prognostic value was 97.59%, and negative prognostic value was 99.39%. CONCLUSIONS: Fetal echocardiography has a high diagnosis certainty in our hospital unit, thus, it has to be a normal prenatal exam in pregnant women with high-risk factors.

[Endomyocardial biopsy. Revision and experience of 176 procedures]. / Biopsia endomiocárdica. Revisión y experiencia de 176 procedimientos.

Endomyocardial biopsy (EB) is often used in the clinical evaluation of several cardiac disease. Hundred-seventy-six consecutive procedures were performed in 65 patients, 43 men and 22 women mean age was 29.86 +/- 11.53 (range 4 days to 66 years). Group A, 26 postcardiac transplantation patients in whom 137 EB were performed (39 heterotopic and 98 orthotopic), average sample 5.2 biopsy for each patient. Group B (n = 39) was studied for several cardiac diseases during cardiac diagnostic catheterism. The jugular venous approach was performed in 3 patients (1.7%), femoral in 173 patients. Major complications were found in 3 (1.7%) cases consisting in cerebrovascular accident (stroke) and coronary fistula into the right ventricle. Endomyocardial biopsy provides a low incidence of adverse reactions, mortality was 0%.

Biopsia endomiocárdica: revisión y experiencia de 176 procedimientos / Endomyocardial biopsy: revision and experience of 176 procedures

Endomyocardial biopsy (EB) is often used in the clinical evaluation of several cardiac disease. Hundred-seventy-six consecutive procedures were performed in 65 patients, 43 men and 22 women mean age was 29.86 +/- 11.53 (range 4 days to 66 years). Group A, 26 postcardiac transplantation patients in whom 137 EB were performed (39 heterotopic and 98 orthotopic), average sample 5.2 biopsy for each patient. Group B (n = 39) was studied for several cardiac diseases during cardiac diagnostic catheterism. The jugular venous approach was performed in 3 patients (1.7%), femoral in 173 patients. Major complications were found in 3 (1.7%) cases consisting in cerebrovascular accident (stroke) and coronary fistula into the right ventricle. Endomyocardial biopsy provides a low incidence of adverse reactions, mortality was 0%.

[Right ventricular thrombous and pulmonary artery aneurysms in Behçet's disease. Report of one case]. / Trombo en ventriculo derecho y aneurismas de arterias pulmonares en enfermedad de Behçet. Reporte de un caso.

UNLABELLED: Behçet's disease uncommon in the pediatric population. Intracardiac thrombus and bilateral pulmonary artery aneurysms are uncommon manifestations. We are reporting one case. A 14 years old patient was admitted, with high fever, dyspnea and hemoptysis since 4 months ago. Two years ago, fever, oral ulcers, aphthae (gingival, palate, tonsils), nose ulceration in and arthralgias-arthritis were noted. Chest radiograph showed round mass in the right lower lung field. The chest tomographic computed scan and pulmonary centellography were done to investigate malformations arterial. An Intracardiac thrombus of 27 x 12 mm was identified in the right ventricle by transthoracic echocardiography. Catheterization and pulmonary angiography showed an aneurism located in the right and left lobares arteries. Medical management with immunosuppressive and anticoagulation therapy resulted in complete remission of the clinical manifestations. Due to heamodynamic compromise surgical removal of the intracardiac thrombus was done. IN SUMMARY: The Behçet's disease is rare disease in children. Intracardiac thrombus and bilateral pulmonary artery aneurysms are rare complications. Medical treatment (immunosupressive and anticoagulation) is the first line therapy with resolution of the mucous, skin, cardiac and pulmonary manifestations.

Trombo en ventriculo derecho y aneurismas de arterias pulmonares en enfermedad de Behçet: reporte de un caso / Right ventricular thrombous and pulmonary artery aneurysms in Behçet's disease: report of one case

Behçet's disease uncommon in the pediatric population. Intracardiac thrombus and bilateral pulmonary artery aneurysms are uncommon manifestations. We are reporting one case. A 14 years old patient was admitted, with high fever, dyspnea and hemoptysis since 4 months ago. Two years ago, fever, oral ulcers, aphthae (gingival, palate, tonsils), nose ulceration in and arthralgias-arthritis were noted. Chest radiograph showed round mass in the right lower lung field. The chest tomographic computed scan and pulmonary centellography were done to investigate malformations arterial. An Intracardiac thrombus of 27 x 12 mm was identified in the right ventricle by transthoracic echocardiography. Catheterization and pulmonary angiography showed an aneurism located in the right and left lobares arteries. Medical management with immunosuppressive and anticoagulation therapy resulted in complete remission of the clinical manifestations. Due to heamodynamic compromise surgical removal of the intracardiac thrombus was done. IN SUMMARY: The Behçet's disease is rare disease in children. Intracardiac thrombus and bilateral pulmonary artery aneurysms are rare complications. Medical treatment (immunosupressive and anticoagulation) is the first line therapy with resolution of the mucous, skin, cardiac and pulmonary manifestations.

[Diagnostic and frequency of fetal heart disease by echocardiography in pregnancies with high-risk factors]. / Diagnóstico y frecuencia de cardiopatía fetal mediante ecocardiografía en embarazos con factores de alto riesgo.

BACKGROUND: Fetal heart diseases are increasingly frequent. These are part of birth defects and, therefore, appear in early phases of the gestation. Diagnosis or early detection of functional and structural abnormalities of the heart allows to the obstetrician and the pediatric cardiologist to plan, in a timely manner, the treatment and prenatal and postnatal monitoring with the purpose of preventing complications. OBJECTIVE: To determine the types and frequencies of heart diseases in pregnancies with high-risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHOD: It was analized an observational, descriptive and retrospective series of cases. From January 2003 to June 2006, fetal echocardiograms were made in women with pregnancies longer than 15 weeks and with high-risk factors. At childbirth was made a cardiovascular evaluation. Analysis was carried out through descriptive statistics. RESULTS: maternal age average was of 27.3 +/- 6.8 years; gestational age was of 31 +/- 5 weeks. In total, there were carried out 275 fetal echocardiograms (FE) in 208 patients; in 56 of them, was made one fetal ecocardiogram, two in 37 and three in 15. Risk factors of reference to the specialized medical unit were: abnormalities detected through obstetrical ultrasound (35.1%), tachycardia-bradycardia-arrhythmia (29.8%), probable chromosomic anomalies (13.9%), oligohydramnios or polyhydramnios (4.8%), familiar antecedents of congenital heart diseases (3.8%), others (12.6%). Heart disease was diagnosed by fetal echocardiogram in 55 patient (26.4%): unique ventricle (n = 5), hypoplastic right ventricle (n = 3), hypoplastic left ventricle (n = 4), congenital complete heart block (n = 1), Ebstein and dysplasia of the mitral and tricuspid valves (n = 12), tumor (n = 5), ectopia cordis (n = 2), auriculoventricular channel (= 1), supraventricular tachycardia (n = 4), supraventricular extrasystole (n = 3) and other. Diagnosis was confirmed at childbirth in 99.5% of the cases. The treatment was initiated in uterus for arrhythmia and cardiac insufficiency in 19 patients. The patients with high-risk cardiopathy (at birth) were evaluated at beginning through specialized cardiological treatment and then they were transferred to the service of pediatric cardiology. CONCLUSIONS: Frequency of fetal heart diseases in patients with high-risk factors is of 25.4%. In these patients, the fetal echocardiogram (prenatal and postnatal) allows planning the optimal cardiological and obstetric treatment as well as to inform to the relatives.

Oclusión percutánea de conducto arterioso permeable con dispositivo de Rashkind. seguimiento a 4 años / Percutaneous occlusion of batent ductus arteriosus with Rashkind device

Se valoraron resultados y seguimiento del cierre de conducto arterioso con dispositivo de Rashkind. Se colocaron 66 dispositivos en 63 pacientes: 41 mujeres y 22 hombres, con edad promedio de 8.2 + 7.5 años. Se determinó el diámetro del conducto, la presencia o ausencia de fuga residual inmediata y evolución mínimo a 1 año bajo control ecocardiográfico. Las determinaciones hemodinámicas mostraron: morfología tipo A en 49, C en 7 y E en 7 pacientes, con diámetro de 4.2 ñ 1.4 mm (extremos de 2.3 y 8.7 mm) y un Qp/Qs de 2.2 + 1.5 (extremos de 0.7 y 8.6). Se colocaron 45 dispositivos n§ 17 y 18 del n§ 12. La fuga residual inmediata fue del 65 por ciento (n-41); a las 24 hrs. del 31.7 por ciento (n-20) y al año del 7.9 por ciento (n-5). A 3 pacientes, con fuga persistente, se les colocó una 2a. sombrilla, en otro se instaló además del dispositivo de Rashkind una espiral endovascular (coil) y un paciente se encuentra en espera de un segundo oclusor. Las complicaciones menores se presentaron en el 15.8 por ciento (n-10). Los resultados indican un índice de oclusión a las 24 hrs. del 68.3 por ciento y al año del 92.0 por ciento; ningún paciente presentó embolia del dispositivo, hemólisis, ni obstrucción de las ramas pulmonares. Por lo anterior consideramos que la oclusión del conducto arterioso con dispositivo de Rashkind es una opción segura y efectiva para su tratamiento.

Oclusión de conducto arterioso permeable con dispositivo de Gianturco-Grifka. primer caso en el IMSS / Transcatheter occlusión of patent ductus arteriosus with Gianturco-Grifka device

Nuestro objetivo es presentar la experiencia inicial de cierre de conducto arterioso, con un nuevo dispositivo de Gianturco-Grifka, en el Hospital General del Centro Médico "La Raza". Se trata de un paciente femenino de 4 años de edad, asintomática, a quien se le detectó soplo continuo a los 3 años 7 meses de edad. El estudio ecocardiográfico demostró la persistencia de conducto arterioso cónico largo, de 4.9 mm de diámetro, presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar de 35 mm Hg, con QP/QS 1.6:1. El estudio hemodinámico diagnóstico encontró un conducto arterioso cónico largo de 5 mm de diámetro tipo A1 de Krichenko. Se procedió al cierre del conducto arterioso permeable con dispositivo de Gianturco-Grifka de 7 mm, hasta obtener la oclusión del 100 por ciento de dicho conducto, lo cual se verificó por angiografía. No se presentaron complicaciones ni accidentes durante el procedimiento. Es necesario el empleo de este dispositivo en un mayor número de pacientes para determinar a largo plazo sus beneficios y sus limitaciones, sin embargo podemos concluir que técnicamente es fácil de utilizar y se obtiene una mayor disminución de la fuga residual que se presenta con otros dispositivos.

Estudio comparativo entre dispositivos de Rashkind, Grifka y Coil para el cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso / Comparative study between Rashkind, Grifka and Coil devices in the closure of patent ductus arteriosus

Evaluamos la eficacia de los dispositivos Grifka y Coil, comparándolos con el dispositivo de Rashkind, utilizados para el cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso. Estudiamos 97 pacientes (36 hombres, 61 mujeres), analizando edad, sexo, diámetro del conducto, morfología, tipo de dispositivo, tiempo de oclusión, fuga persistente, requerimiento de 2o dispositivo y complicaciones. Se realizó análisis estadístico con t de Student y c2. La edad fue 7.82 ñ 6.89. A 45 pacientes se colocó Rashkind -17, a 19 Rashkind-12, a 18 Coil y a l3 bolsas de Grifka; en 2 pacientes no se colocó dispositivo. Hubo diferencias entre morfología y dispositivo empleado (p = 0.008), entre diámetro y dispositivo utilizado (p < 0.001). La oclusión fue inmediata en 26.7 por ciento con Rashkind-17, 57.9 por ciento Rashkind-12, 83.3 por ciento Coil y de 91.7 por ciento Grifka. A las 24 h, fue 60 por ciento Rashkind-17, 78.9 por ciento Rashkind-12, 94.4 por ciento Coil y 100 por ciento Grifka. Persistieron con fuga por más de un año 7 Rashkind-17 y 1 Rashkind 12, (p = 0.001), 4 pacientes tienen 2 dispositivos. Las complicaciones fueron: 15.5 por ciento para Rashkind-17, 26.3 por ciento Rashkind-12, 5.2 por ciento para Coil y de 30 por ciento para Grifka, (p = 0.004); embolizaron 1 Coil y 1 Grifka. El Coil y Grifka han mostrado mejor oclusión inmediata. Las indicaciones de cada dispositivo deberán ser establecidas de acuerdo a la morfología y tamaño del conducto arterioso.