Clinical study with sandblasted dental implants: a 17-year retrospective follow up.

Sandblasting is a standard procedure used for treating dental implant (DI) surfaces to enhance the osseointegration with known clinical success. This clinical study aimed to evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes of DIs with external hexagon connections and a surface sandblasted with calcium phosphate. Two hundred and seventy-five Mg-osseous™ (Mozo-Grau™) screw DIs were placed in 86 patients using a two-stage surgical technique and conventional loading protocol (at three months). Dental implants and prosthetic clinical findings were evaluated during a 17-year follow up. Four DIs were lost during the healing period, and 108 prostheses were placed over the 271 DIs left: 58 unitary implant-supported prosthesis (ISP), 31 partially ISP, 14 full-arch ISP, and five overdentures. Fourteen DIs were lost during the follow-up period. Clinical results indicated a DI survival rate of 93.50%. A total of 11.80% of DIs showed peri-implantitis as the primary biological complication. The mean (SD) marginal bone loss was 1.78 (0.40) mm, ranging from 0.90 to 2.80 mm. The most frequent complication was mechanical prosthodontic complications (24.40%). Sandblasted surface DIs inserted in both maxillary and mandibular areas produce favourable long-term (17-year follow up) outcomes and stable tissue conditions when a delayed loading protocol is followed.

Hyposalivation but not Sjögren's syndrome associated with microbial dysbiosis in women.

Background: Saliva modulates the environment of the oral biofilm through pH buffer, microbial attachment to host surfaces, and nutritional source. The ecology of stress occurs when a physical factor adversely impacts an ecosystem or its biotic components. Therefore, reduced salivary flow can affect oral-host balance. The leading causes of hyposalivation include disease-associated Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and menopausal women as aging-associated. However, little is known about the oral microbiome integrated with sex hormones in hyposalivation. This study aimed to characterize the hyposalivation microbiome caused by aging or disease affecting the salivary glands in women. Methods: We included 50 women older than 40 years of age in any menopausal phase. We collected stimulated saliva from 25 women diagnosed with SS (SS) and 25 without SS (non-SS). The bacterial profile of the patients was obtained by 16S rRNA sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis used machine learning to analyze the cohort's signs, symptoms, and bacterial profile. Salivary estradiol as a sex hormone variation level was determined. Results: We obtained that 79% of the SS group, and 52% of the non-SS group had hyposalivation. We found a negatively correlated Prevotella-age and Rothia-estradiol in the SS group. Highlight, we found that the cause of the hyposalivation in the study did not explain differences in microbial diversity comparing non-SS and SS groups. Therefore, microbial communities found in hyposalivation but not related to systemic conditions suggest that changes in the oral environment might underpin host-microbial balance. Conclusion: The salivary microbiome was similar in women with and without SS. However, hyposalivation showed two distinctive clusters associated with the bacterial population profiles. Our study suggests that local ecological disturbances could drive the change in the microbiome.

Immediate Loading of Implants with Fixed Rehabilitations in Geriatric Edentulous Patients; Biological Complications.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to report the outcomes of the immediate loading of implants with fixed rehabilitations in edentulous geriatric patients. METHODS: Edentulous geriatric patients were diagnosed with an oral examination, radiographic evaluation, and intermaxillary relations and treated with fixed rehabilitation over several implants. After immediate surgery, the implants were immediately loaded with a fully fixed prosthesis. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients (20 females and 4 males) were treated using a total 210 implants. All patients (100%) had a previous history of periodontitis. Eleven patients (45.8%) were smokers. Eleven patients (45.8%) suffered from chronic medical diseases (i.e., diabetes, cardiovascular diseases). The study's clinical follow-up period extended for three years, during which thirty-three fixed prostheses were installed over the implants in 24 patients. The average marginal bone loss measured was 1.33 ± 0.17 mm. The success rate of the implants and prosthodontics being placed in this study yielded 98.5% and 97%, respectively. One patient (4.2%) showed some kind of technical complications. Eleven patients (45.8%) showed mucositis, and 25 implants (11.9%) in 10 patients (41.7%) were associated with peri-implantitis. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the treatment of edentulous geriatric patients by immediate loading of implants with fixed rehabilitations is a clinically successful protocol but with a high prevalence of peri-implant diseases.

Early Loading of Two Implants Supporting Mandibular Overdentures in Geriatric Edentulous Patients: A 12-Year Follow-Up Study.

Background: This study aims to show the clinical outcomes of implants supporting mandibular overdentures in edentulous patients. Methods: Mandibular edentulous patients were diagnosed with an oral examination, panoramic radiograph, and diagnostic casts for intermaxillary relations and treated with overdentures over two implants. After two-stage surgery, implants were early loaded with an overdenture at 6 weeks. Results: Fifty-four patients (28 females and 24 males) were treated with 108 implants. Thirty-two patients (59.2%) had a previous history of periodontitis. Twenty-three patients (46%) were smokers. Forty patients (74.1%) suffered from systemic diseases (i.e., diabetes, cardiovascular diseases). The clinical follow-up of the study was 147.8 ± 10.4 months. The clinical outcomes showed a global success of 94.5% of implants. Fifty-four overdentures were placed in the patients over the implants. The mean marginal bone loss was 1.12 ± 0.34 mm. Nineteen patients (35.2%) showed some kind of mechanical prosthodontic complication. Sixteen implants (14.8%) were associated with peri-implantitis. Conclusions: Based on the clinical results obtained, we can determine that the treatment of elderly edentulous patients with mandibular overdentures through the early loading of two placed implants is a successful implant protocol.

Relevant Aspects of Titanium Topography for Osteoblastic Adhesion and Inhibition of Bacterial Colonization.

The influence of the surface topography of dental implants has been studied to optimize titanium surfaces in order to improve osseointegration. Different techniques can be used to obtain rough titanium, however, their effect on wettability, surface energy, as well as bacterial and cell adhesion and differentiation has not been studied deeply. Two-hundred disks made of grade 4 titanium were subjected to different treatments: machined titanium (MACH), acid-attacked titanium (AE), titanium sprayed with abrasive alumina particles under pressure (GBLAST), and titanium that has been treated with GBLAST and then subjected to AE (GBLAST + AE). The roughness of the different treatments was determined by confocal microscopy, and the wettability was determined by the sessile drop technique; then, the surface energy of each treatment was calculated. Osteoblast-like cells (SaOs-2) were cultured, and alkaline phosphatase was determined using a colorimetric test. Likewise, bacterial strains S. gordonii, S. oralis, A. viscosus, and E. faecalis were cultured, and proliferation on the different surfaces was determined. It could be observed that the roughness of the GBLAST and GBLAS + AE was higher, at 1.99 and 2.13 µm of Ra, with respect to the AE and MACH samples, which were 0.35 and 0.20 µm, respectively. The abrasive treated surfaces showed lower hydrophilicity but lower surface energy. Significant differences could be seen at 21 days between SaOS-2 osteoblastic cell adhesion for the blasted ones and higher osteocalcin levels. However, no significant differences in terms of bacterial proliferation were observed between the four surfaces studied, demonstrating the insensitivity of bacteria to topography. These results may help in the search for the best topographies for osteoblast behavior and for the inhibition of bacterial colonization.

State of the Oral Implantology Practice in Spain during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, strict measures of confinement and social distancing were taken. Dentists were considered essential personnel and their activity was restricted to emergency treatment. The present observational study aims to determine the situation of oral implantology practice in Spain during the initial period of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a cross-sectional observational study based on the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines. An electronic survey consisting of three blocks of questions was sent to all members of the Spanish Society of Implants. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. A total of 237 participants (14.3%) responded to the questionnaire. The majority of participants (60.8%) only attended emergencies during the first 9 months of the pandemic. Despite this, 77.2% reported having performed dental implant surgeries and 75.5% indicated that they performed non-essential treatments. The activity was fully recovered by 64.1% of the surveyed dentists. The majority of dentists (90.7%) considered that sufficient/adequate preventive measures were carried out at their workplace, which possibly contributed to the fact that 49.3% were not afraid of becoming infected. This concern was significantly and directly proportionally associated with the age of the surveyed dentists. The oral implant practice was affected to a greater extent during the first 9 months of the pandemic, especially in urban areas, with a greater impact on the workload of professionals with less specialised training in oral implantology.

Silver coating on dental implant-abutment connection screws as potential strategy to prevent loosening and minimizing bacteria adhesion.

Introduction: One of the main problems for the long-term behavior of dental implants are loosening of the implant-abutment connection screws and bacterial infiltration. The aim of this work is to increase the screw fixation by silver coating, providing superior mechanical retaining and antibacterial effect. Methods: Eighty dental implants with their abutments and screws have been studied. Twenty screws were not coated and were used as a control while the rest of screws were silver coated by sputtering, with three different thickness: 10, 20 and 40 µm and 20 screws per each thickness. Coating morphology and thickness were determined by scanning electron microscopy using image analysis systems. The screws were tightened for each of the thicknesses and the control with two torques 15 Ncm and 20 Ncm and tested under mechanical fatigue simulating oral stresses up to a maximum of 500,000 cycles. The remaining torques at different cycles were determined with a high-sensitivity torquemeter. Cell viability assays were performed with SaOs-2 osteoblasts and microbiological studies were performed against Streptococcus gordonii and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria strains, determining their metabolic activity and viability using live/dead staining. Results: It was observed a decrease in torque as cycles increase. For a preload of 15 Ncm at 100,000 cycles, the loosening was complete and, for 20 Ncm at 500,000 cycles, 85% of torque was lost. The silver coatings retained the torque, especially the one with a thickness of 40 µm, retaining 90% of the initial torque at 500,000 cycles. It was observed that osteoblastic viability values did not reach 70%, which could indicate a slight cytotoxic effect in contact with cells or tissues; however, the screw should not be in direct contact with tissue or living cells. Silver coating induced a significant reduction of the bacteria metabolic activity for Streptococcus gordonii and Enterococcus faecalis, around 90% and 85% respectively. Discussion: Therefore, this coating may be of interest to prevent loosening of implant systems with a worthy antibacterial response.

Immediate Functional Loading with Full-Arch Fixed Implant-Retained Rehabilitation in Periodontal Patients: Clinical Study.

(1) Background. The immediate functional loading of implants is a clinical procedure used for treating periodontal edentulous patients. This clinical study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of the immediate functional loading of implants with fully fixed rehabilitations in compromised periodontal patients. (2) Methods. Three hundred and five implants IPX screw implants were placed in 27 periodontal patients using an immediate functional loading protocol with fixed rehabilitations. All patients had a previous history of periodontitis, four patients (14.8%) were smokers and seven patients (25.9%) suffered from chronic medical conditions. (3) Results. Implant and prosthetic clinical findings were evaluated during a mean period of 41.3 ± 19.6 months. No implants were lost during the clinical follow-up. The cumulative survival rate for all implants was 100%. Regarding the prostheses designed, a total of 54 fixed prostheses were placed in the 27 patients immediately after the surgery. Forty-four hybrid fixed prostheses (81.5%) and 10 fixed rehabilitations (18.5%) were placed in the patients. The mean marginal bone loss was 1.51 ± 1.16 mm, ranging from 0 to 3.5 mm during the follow-up evaluation. Thirty-one implants (10.2%) in 10 patients (37%) were associated with peri-implantitis. Five patients (18.5%) showed some kind of technical complications (loss/fracture of the prosthetic screw, acrylic resin fracture, ceramic chipping). (4) Conclusions. The clinical outcomes of this study demonstrate that fixed rehabilitation by immediate functional loading of implants is considered a predictable procedure.

Long-Term Treatment Outcomes of Implant Prostheses in Partially and Totally Edentulous Patients.

Implant dental therapy is a clinical procedure used for treating patients with tooth loss with known clinical success. This clinical study aimed to evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes of dental implants in partially and totally edentulous patients. A total of 544 Microdent (Microdent SU, Implant Microdent System®, Santa Eulàlia de Ronçana Barcelona, Spain) screw implants were placed in 111 patients using a two-stage surgical technique and a conventional loading protocol (lasting 3 months). Implant and prosthetic clinical findings were evaluated during a 15-year follow-up. A total of 6 implants were lost during the healing period, and 124 prostheses were placed over the 538 implants that remained: 20 single crowns, 52 partially fixed bridges, 45 full-arch fixed restorations, and 7 overdentures. A total of 20 of these were lost during the follow-up period. The cumulative survival rate for all implants was 96.4%. The data underwent statistical analysis (significance level: p < 0.05). The mean marginal bone loss was 1.82 ± 0.54 mm, ranging from 1.2 to 3.1 mm. The most frequent complications were mechanical prosthodontic complications (16.2%). In all, 11.8% of implants showed periimplantitis as the primary biological complication. Dental implants inserted in both the maxillary and mandibular areas produce long-term favorable outcomes and stable tissue conditions when a delayed loading protocol is followed.

Consensus Report on Preventive Antibiotic Therapy in Dental Implant Procedures: Summary of Recommendations from the Spanish Society of Implants.

Current patterns of preventive antibiotic prescribing are encouraging the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Recently, the Spanish Society of Implants (SEI) developed the first clinical practice guidelines published to date, providing clear guidelines on how to prescribe responsible and informed preventive antibiotic therapy (PAT) based on the available scientific evidence on dental implant treatments (DIs). The present document aims to summarise and disseminate the recommendations established by this expert panel. These were based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Studies were analysed using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) checklist templates and ranked according to their level of evidence. They were then assigned a level of recommendation using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation system (GRADE). Guidelines were established on the type of PAT, antibiotic and dosage of administration in the placement of DIs without anatomical constraints, in bone augmentation with the placement of DIs in one or two stages, placement of immediate DIs, sinus elevations, implant prosthetic phase, as well as recommendations in patients allergic to penicillin. Therefore, the PAT must be adapted to the type of implant procedure to be performed.

Gender differences among professionals dedicated to Oral Implantology in Spain: An observational study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the development of society and the educational progress achieved at the university education level, women continue to face obstacles that hinder their professional development. This study aims to determine whether there are gender differences in a representative sample of professionals dedicated to Oral Implantology in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional observational study based on the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines. An electronic survey consisting of two blocks of questions was sent to members of the Spanish Society of Implants. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. RESULTS: A total of 303 participants (20.8%) responded to the questionnaire, of which 219 were men (72.3%) and 84 women (27.7%). Up to the age of 40 years, women predominate, whereas men predominate from the age of 51 years onwards, which is influenced by a greater number of years of experience in implant placement and a higher number of implants placed per year. Despite this, women have a higher level of training in Oral Implantology, as a greater proportion are trained through master's degrees. CONCLUSIONS: The greater representation of men in the study is associated with the ageing of the sample. The results obtained from the present study anticipate the trend of a greater presence of the female gender in Oral Implantology in Spain in the coming years. Key words:Sex differences, dentistry, oral implantology, feminism, gender.

Is Antibiotic Prophylaxis Necessary before Dental Implant Procedures in Patients with Orthopaedic Prostheses? A Systematic Review.

As the population ages, more and more patients with orthopaedic prostheses (OPs) require dental implant treatment. Surveys of dentists and orthopaedic surgeons show that prophylactic antibiotics (PAs) are routinely prescribed with a very high frequency in patients with OPs who are about to undergo dental procedures. The present study aims to determine the need to prescribe prophylactic antibiotic therapy in patients with OPs treated with dental implants to promote their responsible use and reduce the risk of antimicrobial resistance. An electronic search of the MEDLINE database (via PubMed), Web of Science, LILACS, Google Scholar, and OpenGrey was carried out. The criteria used were those described by the PRISMA® Statement. No study investigated the need to prescribe PAs in patients with OPs, so four studies were included on the risk of infections of OPs after dental treatments with varying degrees of invasiveness. There is no evidence to suggest a relationship between dental implant surgeries and an increased risk of OP infection; therefore, PAs in these patients are not justified. However, the recommended doses of PAs in dental implant procedures in healthy patients are the same as those recommended to avoid infections of OPs.

The Application of Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate in Implant Dentistry: A Systematic Evaluation of Clinical Studies.

The demand for synthetic graft materials in implant dentistry is rising. This systematic review aims to evaluate the survival rate of dental implants placed simultaneously with bone regeneration procedures using the material ß-tricalcium phosphate, one of the most promising synthetic graft materials. The electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Scielo, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Five randomized clinical trials, one non-randomized controlled clinical trial and four observational studies without control group were include. Implant survival rate and other clinical, radiographic, and histological parameters did not differ from those of implants placed simultaneously with another type of graft material, or placed in blood clots or natural alveolar ridges. Based on the available literature, ß-tricalcium phosphate seems to be a promising graft material in implant dentistry. Nevertheless, more randomized clinical trials, with long follow-up periods, preoperative and postoperative CBCT, and histological analysis, are necessary to assess its long-term behavior.

Implant Treatment by Guided Surgery Supporting Overdentures in Edentulous Mandible Patients.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to show the clinical outcomes of implants inserted by guided surgery supporting mandibular overdentures in edentulous patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Mandibular edentulous patients were diagnosed with an oral examination, cone-beam computerized tomography, and diagnostic casts for intermaxillary relations and treated with overdentures over two implants by guided surgery. After flapless surgery, implants were early loaded with an overdenture at 6 weeks. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Fourteen patients (nine females and five males) were treated with 28 implants. Four patients (28.6%) had a previous history of periodontitis. Five patients (35.7%) were smokers. Nine patients (64.3%) suffered from systemic diseases (i.e., diabetes, cardiovascular diseases). The clinical follow-up of the study was 44.7 ± 31.4 months. Clinical outcomes showed a global success of 100% of implants. Fourteen overdentures were placed in the patients over the implants. Mean marginal bone loss was 1.25 mm ± 0.95 mm. Four patients (28.6%) showed some kind of mechanical prosthodontic complications. Six implants (21.4%) were associated with peri-implantitis. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that treatment of mandibular edentulous patients with overdentures by guided surgery and early loading of implants placed appears to be a successful implant protocol.

Long-Term Clinical Study of Implants Placed in Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation Using Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to show the long-term clinical outcomes of implants placed in maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MFSA) using beta-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Maxillary patients were diagnosed for MFSA and used beta- ß-TCP. After the lateral sinus surgery, implants were loaded at 6 months with restorations. The clinical follow-up was at 10 years. RESULTS: One hundred and one patients (58 females and 43 males) were treated with MFSA. Twenty-nine patients (28.7%) had a history of periodontitis. Thirty-three patients (32.7%) were smokers. One hundred and twenty-one MFSA, 81 unilateral and 20 bilateral sites, with 234 implants were performed. The average vertical bone height available was 4.92 ± 1.83 mm. The average vertical bone gain obtained was 6.95 ± 2.19 mm following MFSA. The implant cumulative survival rate was 97.2%. Three implants (1.3%) were lost during the healing period. Six implants (2.6%) were lost by peri-implantitis. One hundred and fifteen restorations were placed in the patients. Mean marginal bone loss was 1.93 mm ± 1.03 mm. Six patients (27.3%) showed technical complications. Thirty-six implants (15.3%) in 14 patients (13.9%) were associated with peri-implantitis. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that treatment with implant-supported restoration by MFSA using ß-TCP constitutes a successful implant approach.

Is Penicillin Allergy a Risk Factor for Early Dental Implant Failure? A Systematic Review.

The prescription of preventive antibiotics in dental implant treatments reduces the incidence of early failures. This study has focused mainly on the influence of amoxicillin, which is contraindicated in penicillin-allergic patients. The present systematic review aimed to determine whether penicillin-allergic patients have a higher risk of implant failure compared to non-allergic patients. An electronic search was performed on Medline and Web of Science using the following MeSH terms: (penicillin allergy OR clindamycin OR erythromycin OR azithromycin OR metronidazole) AND (dental implant OR dental implant failure OR dental implant complications). The criteria employed were those described in the PRISMA® Declaration. Only five articles were included that analyzed the failure rates of implants placed in penicillin-allergic patients who were prescribed clindamycin compared to non-allergic patients who were prescribed amoxicillin. With the limitations of this study, it is not possible to state that penicillin allergy per se constitutes a risk factor for early dental implant failure as most of the studies included self-reported allergic patients. Clindamycin has been associated with a significantly elevated risk of failure and an up to six times increased risk of infection. Immediate implants also have a 5.7 to 10 times higher risk of failure.

Osseointegration of Sandblasted and Acid-Etched Implant Surfaces. A Histological and Histomorphometric Study in the Rabbit.

Titanium surface is an important factor in achieving osseointegration during the early wound healing of dental implants in alveolar bone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate sandblasted-etched surface implants to investigate the osseointegration. In the present study, we used two different types of sandblasted-etched surface implants, an SLA™ surface and a Nanoblast Plus™ surface. Roughness and chemical composition were evaluated by a white light interferometer microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The SLA™ surface exhibited the higher values (Ra 3.05 µm) of rugosity compared to the Nanoblast Plus™ surface (Ra 1.78 µm). Both types of implants were inserted in the femoral condyles of ten New Zealand white rabbits. After 12 weeks, histological and histomorphometric analysis was performed. All the implants were osseointegrated and no signs of infection were observed. Histomorphometric analysis revealed that the bone-implant contact % (BIC) ratio was similar around the SLA™ implants (63.74 ± 13.61) than around the Nanoblast Plus™ implants (62.83 ± 9.91). Both implant surfaces demonstrated a favorable bone response, confirming the relevance of the sandblasted-etched surface on implant osseointegration.

Mineralization of Titanium Surfaces: Biomimetic Implants.

The surface modification by the formation of apatitic compounds, such as hydroxyapatite, improves biological fixation implants at an early stage after implantation. The structure, which is identical to mineral content of human bone, has the potential to be osteoinductive and/or osteoconductive materials. These calcium phosphates provoke the action of the cell signals that interact with the surface after implantation in order to quickly regenerate bone in contact with dental implants with mineral coating. A new generation of calcium phosphate coatings applied on the titanium surfaces of dental implants using laser, plasma-sprayed, laser-ablation, or electrochemical deposition processes produces that response. However, these modifications produce failures and bad responses in long-term behavior. Calcium phosphates films result in heterogeneous degradation due to the lack of crystallinity of the phosphates with a fast dissolution; conversely, the film presents cracks, which produce fractures in the coating. New thermochemical treatments have been developed to obtain biomimetic surfaces with calcium phosphate compounds that overcome the aforementioned problems. Among them, the chemical modification using biomineralization treatments has been extended to other materials, including composites, bioceramics, biopolymers, peptides, organic molecules, and other metallic materials, showing the potential for growing a calcium phosphate layer under biomimetic conditions.

Preventive Antibiotic Prescribing Habits among Professionals Dedicated to Oral Implantology: An Observational Study.

The prescription of preventive antibiotics (PA) in oral implantology is a controversial issue. The study aimed to determine the prescribing habits of PA in professionals dedicated to oral implantology in various treatments in healthy and at-risk patients. This is a cross-sectional observational study based on the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines. An electronic survey consisting of 4 blocks of questions was sent to members of the Spanish Society of Implants. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. A total of 303 participants (20.8%) responded to the questionnaire. One percent never prescribed PA, 55.4% prescribed them always, and 43.6% prescribed them sometimes. Ninety-six percent administered them preoperatively, while 92.4% administered them postoperatively. The most commonly used antibiotic is amoxicillin followed by amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (875/125 mg). Clindamycin is the most commonly administered antibiotic in patients with allergies. Professionals dedicated to oral implantology frequently prescribe PA in both healthy and at-risk patients, especially perioperatively. Immediate implant placement, sinus lifts, bone regeneration, and multiple implant placement are the treatments in which PA are most commonly prescribed, as well as in patients with heart valve prostheses or a history of bacterial endocarditis and immunodeficiency.

Immediate Loading of Implants Placed by Guided Surgery in Geriatric Edentulous Mandible Patients.

The aim of this study was to show the clinical outcomes of the immediate loading of implants inserted by guided surgery in edentulous mandible patients. Edentulous mandible patients were diagnosed with oral examination, cone beam computerized tomography and diagnostic casts for intermaxillary relations and treated with 8-10 implants for rehabilitation with guided surgery and immediate loading. After flapless surgery, implants were loaded with an immediate acrylic temporary prosthesis. After a period of six months, a ceramic definitive full-arch prosthesis was placed. A total of 22 patients (12 females and 10 males) were treated with 198 implants. Eleven patients (50%) had a previous history of periodontitis. Six patients (27.3%) were smokers. The follow-up was 84.2 ± 4.9 months. Clinical outcomes showed a global success rate of 97.5% of implants. Five implants were lost during the healing phase with provisional prosthesis. Twenty-two fixed full-arch rehabilitations were placed in the patients over the 193 remaining implants. Mean marginal bone loss was 1.44 mm ± 0.45 mm. Six patients (27.3%) showed some kind of mechanical prosthodontic complication. Eighteen (9.3%) of the 193 remaining implants were associated with peri-implantitis. The antecedents of peri-implantitis are critical elements for the survival of the implants. The loss of implants was significant in patients who smoked up to 10 cigarettes, compared to non-smokers. Peri-implantitis is one of the key elements in the long-term follow-up of implants and it was more manifest in smoking patients, and in those with a history of peri-implantitis. Marginal bone loss was more significant in smokers. Full-arch rehabilitation is presented as a predictable alternative with minor fatigue problems that are easily solvable.