[An occupational assessment of disabled people in Colombia: an exploratory analysis of ongoing practice]. / Estado de los procesos de valoración ocupacional de las personas con discapacidad en Colombia: un análisis exploratorio.

OBJECTIVE: This paper analyses a study of the current state of occupational assessment of disabled people; it took place in 14 public and private institutions involved in promoting the inclusion of this population in the workforce. The study was aimed at providing definitions, demonstrating the pertinent processes, instruments, professionals, stages of the process and support involved in helping disabled people to become included in the workforce. METHODOLOGY: The study involved a group of experts adopting a methodology which designed, implemented and analysed a data collection instrument seeking qualitative and quantitative data concerning target populations, assessment purposes, the instruments used, timing and other relevant factors for programmes aimed at disabled people becoming included in the workforce. The 14 Colombian institutions having most experience regarding this topic participated in the study (the oldest having 40 years' experience and the most recent 8 years in this field). RESULTS: The results indicated widespread heterogeneity regarding the occupational assessment components explored. It was found that the objectives proposed for each process differed, depending on each institution's philosophy and structure, the model's characteristics and those of the intraprofessional teams. They also highlighted the broad range of instruments and timing (i.e. 1 to 180 days) of sub-processes used as tools for occupational assessment (of the disabled). CONCLUSIONS: These findings constitute a foundation justifying the compilation of a Manual for the Occupational Assessment of Disabled People in Colombia, recognising accumulated cognitive, social and professional capital (i.e. established tradition in this field).

Dengue-yellow fever sera cross-reactivity; challenges for diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: The Flavivirus genera share epitopes inducing cross-reactive antibodies leading to great difficulty in differentially diagnosing flaviviral infections. This work was aimed at evaluating the complexity of dengue and yellow fever serological differential diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Dengue antibody capture ELISA and a yellow fever neutralisation test were carried out on 13 serum samples obtained from yellow fever patients, 20 acute serum samples from dengue patients and 19 voluntary serum samples pre- and post-vaccination with YF vaccine. RESULTS: Dengue ELISA revealed IgM reactivity in 46,2 % of yellow fever patients and 42 % of vaccinees. Sixteen out of 20 dengue patients (80 %) had high YF virus neutralisation titres. CONCLUSIONS: Such very high cross-reactivity data challenged differential laboratory diagnosis of dengue and yellow fever in areas where both flaviviruses co-circulate. New laboratory strategies are thus needed for improving the tests and providing a specific laboratory diagnosis. Cross-reactivity between Flaviviruses represents a great difficulty for epidemiological surveillance and preventing dengue, both of which demand urgent attention.

Dengue-yellow fever sera cross-reactivity; challenges for diagnosis / Reacción cruzada en sueros de Fiebre Amarilla y Dengue: desafíos para el diagnóstico

Objective The Flavivirus genera share epitopes inducing cross-reactive antibodies leading to great difficulty in differentially diagnosing flaviviral infections. This work was aimed at evaluating the complexity of dengue and yellow fever serological differential diagnosis. Material and methods Dengue antibody capture ELISA and a yellow fever neutralisation test were carried out on 13 serum samples obtained from yellow fever patients, 20 acute serum samples from dengue patients and 19 voluntan/ serum samples pre- and post-vaccination with YF vaccine. Results Dengue ELISA revealed IgM reactivity in 46,2 percent of yellow fever patients and 42 percent of vaccinees. Sixteen out of 20 dengue patients (80 percent) had high YF virus neutralisation titres. Conclusions . Such very high cross-reactivity data challenged differential laboratory diagnosis of dengue and yellow fever in áreas where both flaviviruses co-circulate. New laboratory strategies are thus needed for improving the tests and providing a specific laboratory diagnosis. Cross-reactivity between Flaviviruses represents a great difficulty for epidemiological surveillance and preventing dengue, both of which demand urgent attention.

Objetivo Los miembros del genero Flavivirus poseen epítopes inductores de anticuerpos de reactividad cruzada, lo que representa una gran dificultad en el diagnostico diferencial. En este trabajo nos propusimos evaluar la complejidad del diagnostico diferencial entre dengue y fiebre amarilla. Materiales y métodos Ensayos de ELISA de captura para dengue y de neutralización para fiebre amarilla fueron realizados en 13 muestras de suero de pacientes con fiebre amarilla, 20 muestras de pacientes con dengue en fase aguda y 19 voluntarios sanos antes y después de ser vacunados para la fiebre amarilla. Resultados Los ensayos de ELISA para IgM contra dengue mostraron reactividad cruzada en el 46,2 por ciento de los pacientes con fiebre amarilla y 42 por ciento de los vacunados. Dieciséis de los 20 pacientes con Dengue (80 por ciento) tuvieron altos títulos de anticuerpos neutralizantes para fiebre amarilla. Conclusión La alta reactividad cruzada que se encontró, representa un desafío para el diagnostico diferencial del dengue y fiebre amarilla en áreas donde co-circulan estos Flavivirus. Nuevas estrategias de diagnóstico de laboratorio son necesarias para suministrar un diagnóstico especifico. La reactividad cruzada entre Flavivirus representa un gran problema para la vigilancia epidemiológica, control y prevención del dengue, el cual debe ser solucionado.