ABSTRACT
APD334 was discovered as part of our internal effort to identify potent, centrally available, functional antagonists of the S1P1 receptor for use as next generation therapeutics for treating multiple sclerosis (MS) and other autoimmune diseases. APD334 is a potent functional antagonist of S1P1 and has a favorable PK/PD profile, producing robust lymphocyte lowering at relatively low plasma concentrations in several preclinical species. This new agent was efficacious in a mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS and a rat collagen induced arthritis (CIA) model and was found to have appreciable central exposure.
ABSTRACT
We have optimized a novel series of potent p38 MAP kinase inhibitors based on an alpha-ketoamide scaffold through structure based design that due to their extended molecular architecture bind, in addition to the ATP site, to an allosteric pocket. In vitro ADME, in vivo PK and efficacy studies show these compounds to have drug-like characteristics and have resulted in the nomination of a development candidate which is currently in phase II clinical trials for the oral treatment of inflammatory conditions.
Subject(s)
Amides/chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Administration, Oral , Allosteric Site , Amides/chemical synthesis , Amides/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemical synthesis , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacokinetics , Binding Sites , Cell Line , Computer Simulation , Humans , Protein Binding , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Rats , Structure-Activity Relationship , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolismABSTRACT
The tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) cytokine, secreted by activated monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes, is implicated in several diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and osteoporosis. Monocyte/macrophage production of TNF-alpha is largely driven by p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase), an intracellular soluble serine-threonine kinase. p38alpha MAP kinase is activated by growth factors, cellular stresses, and cytokines such as TNF-alpha and interleukin-l (IL-I). The primary contribution of p38alpha activation to excess TNF-alpha in settings of both chronic and acute inflammation has instigated efforts to find inhibitors of this enzyme as possible therapies for associated disease states. Analogue design, synthesis, and structure-activity studies led to the identification of 5-tert-butyl-N-cyclopropyl-2-methoxy-3-{2-[4-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethoxy)-naphthalen-1-yl]-2-oxo-acetylamino}-benzamide (KR-003048) as a potent inhibitor of the p38 MAP kinase signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. The inhibition in vitro of human p38alpha enzyme activity and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced p38 activation and subsequent TNF-alpha release is described. KR-00348 was demonstrated to be a potent inhibitor of inflammatory cytokine production ex vivo in rat and human whole blood, and showed good oral bioavailability. Additionally, efficacy in mouse and rat models of acute and chronic inflammation was obtained. KR-003048 possessed therapeutic activity in acute models, demonstrating substantial inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema and in vivo LPS-induced TNF release at 30mg/kg p.o. Collagen-induced arthritis in mice was significantly inhibited by 10 and 30mg/kg doses of KR-003048. Evidence for disease-modifying activity in this model was indicated by histological evaluation of joints.
Subject(s)
Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14/antagonists & inhibitors , Administration, Oral , Animals , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy , Benzamides/antagonists & inhibitors , Benzamides/chemistry , Cells, Cultured , Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Humans , Inflammation/drug therapy , Lipopolysaccharides/antagonists & inhibitors , Macrophages/metabolism , Male , Models, Chemical , Models, Immunological , Models, Molecular , Monocytes/metabolism , Morpholines/antagonists & inhibitors , Morpholines/chemistry , Osteoporosis/drug therapy , Osteoporosis/immunology , Osteoporosis/metabolism , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Rats , Rats, Inbred Lew , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolismABSTRACT
We have identified a second series of potent p38 inhibitors. As with our first generation series, these compounds are based on an alpha-ketoamide scaffold. The reversal of the ketoamide order, however, introduces more chemical flexibility and in addition results in improve potencies against p38.
Subject(s)
Amides/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Ketones/chemistry , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Allosteric Site , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods , Cytokines/metabolism , Drug Design , Humans , Inflammation/drug therapy , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Models, Chemical , Models, Molecular , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
We have identified a novel series of potent p38 MAP kinase inhibitors through structure-based design which due to their extended molecular architecture bind, in addition to the ATP site, to an allosteric pocket. In vitro ADME and in vivo PK studies show these compounds to have drug-like characteristics which could result in the development of an oral treatment for inflammatory conditions.
Subject(s)
Amides/chemical synthesis , Drug Design , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Allosteric Site , Amides/chemistry , Amides/pharmacokinetics , Amides/pharmacology , Animals , Binding Sites , Cells, Cultured , Crystallography, X-Ray , Humans , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Monocytes/cytology , Monocytes/drug effects , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Protein Binding , Protein Conformation , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Rats , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolismABSTRACT
The novel five- and seven-membered ring appended aminoporphyrazines 3 and 12 have been prepared via mixed Linstead macrocyclization. The structures of both have been unequivocally established by X-ray crystallographic studies. Reductive deselenation of selenadiazole 3 in the presence of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone or 2,3-butanedione results in the formation of pyrazines 6a,b, whereas oxidation of porphyrazine 12 gave the corresponding seco derivative 14. seco-Porphyrazine 14 mediates the generation of singlet oxygen with a quantum yield of 0.74.
ABSTRACT
Base-catalyzed cross condensation of dipropylmaleonitrile 1 with bis(dimethylamino)maleonitrile 2 in an equimolar ratio afforded the porphyrazines 3a, 4a, 5a, 6a and 7a. Subsequent demetalation of 5a with TFA followed by remetalation with Zn(OAc)(2) gave ligand 5c in good yield. Compound 5c was, in turn, selectively oxidized and further peripherally functionalized using Pt(PhCN)(2)Cl(2) and PdCl(2) to yield the novel seco solitaire porphyrazines 10a and 10b. The photophysical profiles of the seco solitaire porphyrazines 10a and 10b were evaluated by means of absorption, emission, and transient absorption spectroscopy. The new pigments 10a and 10b were found to be photochemically more stable than the solitaire complexes 3d and 3e and mediated the generation of singlet oxygen with quantum yields of 0.59 and 0.45, respectively.
