ABSTRACT
Introducción: El tratamiento de las infecciones del tracto urinario es casi siempre empírico, lo que genera una serie de problemas en la consulta diaria. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínica y microbiológicamente las infecciones de vías urinarias bajas no complicadas en pacientes de una clínica de primer nivel. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo. La identificación de las bacterias del cultivo de orina se efectuó por métodos establecidos. La prueba de susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos se realizó por la técnica Kirby-Bauer. Se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS versión 26, con la prueba de ji al cuadrado y un análisis multivariado discriminante. Se calculó también razón de momios con el programa Epi-Info. Resultados: Se incluyeron 270 pacientes, con frecuencia de 39,3 por ciento de cultivos positivos, y Escherichia coli como la especie predominante. Se identificaron, además, 31,3 por ciento de bacterias Gram positivas. Se presentó significancia estadística entre la infección urinaria y factores como el sexo, y la infección del tracto urinario previa en las mujeres. Se obtuvo 100 por ciento de cepas resistentes a ampicilina. En general, se obtuvieron porcentajes de resistencia altos en los antimicrobianos probados. Conclusiones: Escherichia coli fue la especie más frecuentemente aislada, sin embargo, existe una serie de microorganismos implicados en enfermedades del tracto genital como Gardnerella vaginalis, que parecen estar involucrados en la etiología de las infecciones del tracto urinario. Se identificaron factores de riesgo como el sexo biológico y las infecciones previas en mujeres. Se obtuvieron porcentajes de resistencia altos en los antimicrobianos probados(AU)
Introduction: The management of urinary tract infections is almost always empirical, which generates a series of problems in the daily consultation. Objective: To characterize, clinically and microbiologically, uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections in patients of a primary level clinic. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out. Bacterial identification in urine culture was performed by established methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer technique. The statistical software SPSS (version 26) was used, with the chi squared test and multivariate discriminant analysis. Odds ratios were also calculated with the Epi-Info program. Results: A total of 270 patients were included, with a 39.3percent frequency of positive cultures and Escherichia coli as the predominant species. In addition, 31.3percent of Gram-positive bacteria were identified. There was statistical significance between urinary tract infection and factors such as sex or previous urinary tract infection in women. One result was 100percent of ampicillin-resistant strains. In general, high percentages of resistance were obtained for the tested antimicrobials. Conclusions: Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated species; however, there is a number of microorganisms implicated in genital tract diseases, such as Gardnerella vaginalis, which appear to be involved in the etiology of urinary tract infections. Risk factors such as biological sex and previous infections in women were identified. High percentages of resistance were obtained for the tested antimicrobials(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Urinary Tract , Gardnerella vaginalis , Risk Factors , Escherichia coli , Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests/methods , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: There is little information about audiologic and vestibular disorders in pediatric patients infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1). The aim of this study was to evaluate audiologic and vestibular disorders in a sample of HIV-1-infected children receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. METHODS: Patients underwent pure tone audiometry, speech discrimination testing, auditory brainstem responses, electronystagmography, and rotatory testing. HIV-1 viral load and absolute CD4+ cell counts were registered. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were included, aged 4.5 years (median, range 5 months to 16 years). Pure tone audiometry was carried out in 12 children over 4 years of age: 4 (33%) showed hearing loss, 2 were conductive. Auditory brainstem responses were measured in all 23 patients, suggesting conductive hearing loss in 6 and sensorineural hearing loss in 2. Most patients with conductive hearing loss had the antecedent of acute or chronic suppurative otitis media but with dry ears at the time of evaluation (p=0.003). Abnormal prolongations of interwave intervals in auditory brainstem responses were observed in 3 children (13%, 4 ears), an abnormal morphology in different components of auditory brainstem responses in 4 (17.4%, 7 ears), and abnormal amplitude patterns in 11 patients (48%, 17 ears). Vestibular tests were abnormal in all six patients tested, with asymmetries in caloric and rotatory tests. Although differences were not significant, in general, audiologic abnormalities were more frequent in patients with more prolonged HIV-1 infections, higher viral loads, or lower absolute CD4+ cell counts. CONCLUSIONS: Conductive hearing loss associated with previous otitis media events, abnormalities in auditory brainstem responses suggesting disorders at different levels of the auditory pathways, and unilateral vestibular hyporeflexia were frequent findings in our sample of HIV-1-infected children under Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. These findings suggest that HIV-1-infected children should be submitted to audiologic and vestibular evaluation as early as possible in order to reduce their impact on the psychosocial development of these patients.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections/physiopathology , Hearing Loss, Conductive/diagnosis , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/diagnosis , Vestibular Function Tests , Adolescent , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Audiometry, Pure-Tone , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Electronystagmography , Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem/physiology , Female , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV-1 , Hearing Loss, Conductive/physiopathology , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/physiopathology , Humans , Infant , Male , Mexico , Otitis Media, Suppurative/physiopathology , Prospective Studies , Speech Discrimination Tests , Viral LoadABSTRACT
Se reporta la separación, caracterización química parcial y actividad antitumoral de dos biopolímeros producidos por cepas de bacterias marinas en un medio a base de glucosa y agua de mar estéril. Los productos 21NM142a y 21NM156 se separaron del sobrenadante del cultivo de las bacterias Micrococcus sp. y Pseudomona sp. Estos compuestos están constituidos por proteínas y carbohidratos, según fue determinado utilizando los métodos de Loubry (método de Dubois), así como Análisis de aminoácidos y cromatografía gas líquido. Los compuestos fueron homogéneos por cromatografía de filtración con gel, resultando 20 kDa como peso molecular aparente. La caracterización parcial hace pensar en la naturaleza glicoproteica de estos compuestos. El biopolímero 21NM142a aumenta el tiempo de supervivencia en ratones inoculados con células tumorales de Sarcoma 180 y Sarcoma 37.
