Transcriptomic analysis of alternative splicing events for different stages of growth and development in Sistan Yaghooti grape clusters.

Sistan Yaghooti grape variety, despite characteristics such as early ripening, is vulnerable to cluster rot due to small berries and dense clusters. In this regard, AS may serve as a regulatory mechanism during developmental processes and in response to environmental signals. RNA-Seq analysis was performed to measure gene expression and the extent of AS events in the cluster growth and development stages of Sistan Yaghooti grape. The number of AS events increased during stages, suggesting that it contributes to the grapevine's adaptability to various stresses. In addition, DEG and DAS genes showed little overlap in cluster growth stages. Functional analysis of 19,194 DAS -gene sets showed that VIT_06s0004g06670 gene is involved in the activation of calcium channels (Ca2+) through the activation of 5 PLC biosynthetic pathways. Among the 27,229 DEG -sets, VIT_07s0005g05320 gene showed higher expression. Interestingly, this gene is involved in the synthesis of an EF -hand domain-containing protein capable of binding to Ca2+ by activating 4 biochemical pathways. These genes increase cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, enhancing plant stress tolerance and resistance to cracking. These results show that AS can respond independently to different types of stress. Among the other DAS genes, the GA2ox gene (VvGA2ox) showed an increase in AS events during cluster development. This gene is critical for initiating the degradation process of GA and plays a crucial role in different stages of seed development. Therefore, it is very likely that this gene is one of the main factors responsible for the density and seedlessness of Sistan Yaghooti grape.

Chromosomal abnormality, laboratory techniques, tools and databases in molecular Cytogenetics.

Cytogenetics is concerned with the structure and number of chromosomes (Karyotyping) and their abnormalities not only in congenital but also in acquired genetic disorders. Chromosomal abnormalities can form when there is an error occurred in chromosome number and, or their structural changes. Such changes happen by itself or inductively by environmental agents like chemical reagents, radiation, etc. Cytogenetics techniques used to understand chromosomal disorders and their relationship to health and disease provide not only valuable clues about chromosome breakage and DNA repair mechanisms but also a more proper understanding of their relationship to cause various illnesses. In this sense, to evaluate chromosomal imbalance and rearrangement, alternative experimental methods have been expanded. Currently, Cytogenetics evolves into a multidimensional science that led to promoting both theoretically and technologically advanced molecular biology, flow cytometry, bioinformatics, and phylogeny. This study investigates the unique laboratory Cytogenetics methods, databases, algorithms, and software used molecular Cytogenetics to identify various chromosomal abnormalities.