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1.
Mol Genet Genomic Med ; 8(2): e1061, 2020 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31872983

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is an essential enzyme that protects red blood cells from oxidative damage. Although G6PD-deficient alleles appear to confer a protective effect of malaria, the link with clinical protection against Plasmodium infection is conflicting. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea and further genotyping analysis used to detect natural selection of the G6PD A- allele. RESULTS: Our results showed G6PD A- allele could significantly reduce the risk of Plasmodium falciparum infection in male individuals (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20-0.93; p < .05) and homozygous female individuals (AOR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.01-0.84; p < .05). Additionally, the parasite densities were significantly different in the individuals with different G6PD A- alleles and individual levels of G6PD enzyme activity. The pattern of linkage disequilibrium and results of the long-range haplotype test revealed a strong selective signature in the region encompassing the G6PD A- allele over the past 6,250 years. The network of inferred haplotypes suggested a single origin of the G6PD A- allele in Africans. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) A- allele could reduce the risk of P. falciparum infection in the African population and indicate that malaria has a recent positive selection on G6PD A- allele.


Subject(s)
Alleles , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/genetics , Malaria/genetics , Population/genetics , Selection, Genetic , Adolescent , Adult , Black People/genetics , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Guinea , Homozygote , Humans , Infant , Islands , Linkage Disequilibrium , Male , Plasmodium falciparum/pathogenicity , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
2.
Afr J AIDS Res ; 16(1): 65-70, 2017 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28367743

ABSTRACT

Malaria and HIV are two of the most severe public health problems in Africa. However, epidemiological data on Bioko Island is scarce. To investigate the prevalence of malaria and HIV infections and assess association of malaria and HIV infections and possible confounding factors, we performed a cross-sectional survey of people of malaria-endemic Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. A cross-sectional study of 1 526 subjects was carried out to determine the prevalence of malaria and HIV infection in Malabo region hospital on Bioko Island. Questionnaires were administered and venous blood samples were drawn for malaria parasites and HIV detection. The prevalence of participants infected with malaria and HIV in this area were 13.8% and 6.6% respectively. The average prevalence of co-infection for malaria and HIV was 0.92%. HIV-infection was significantly associated with the age and gender. Malaria infections were significantly associated with the age. This study showed that the prevalence of HIV and malaria on Bioko Island was higher than expected, although the co-infection prevalence of malaria and HIV was low. The results also indicated that malaria and HIV infections lead to more public health risk to youngsters and women.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/epidemiology , Malaria/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Coinfection , Cross-Sectional Studies , Equatorial Guinea/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Infant , Islands , Malaria/parasitology , Male , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Parasite Load , Population Surveillance , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Young Adult
3.
Afr. j. AIDS res. (Online) ; 16(1): 65-70, 2017.
Article in English | AIM (Africa) | ID: biblio-1256624

ABSTRACT

Malaria and HIV are two of the most severe public health problems in Africa. However, epidemiological data on Bioko Island is scarce. To investigate the prevalence of malaria and HIV infections and assess association of malaria and HIV infections and possible confounding factors, we performed a cross-sectional survey of people of malaria-endemic Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. A cross-sectional study of 1 526 subjects was carried out to determine the prevalence of malaria and HIV infection in Malabo region hospital on Bioko Island. Questionnaires were administered and venous blood samples were drawn for malaria parasites and HIV detection. The prevalence of participants infected with malaria and HIV in this area were 13.8% and 6.6% respectively. The average prevalence of co-infection for malaria and HIV was 0.92%. HIV-infection was significantly associated with the age and gender. Malaria infections were significantly associated with the age. This study showed that the prevalence of HIV and malaria on Bioko Island was higher than expected, although the co-infection prevalence of malaria and HIV was low. The results also indicated that malaria and HIV infections lead to more public health risk to youngsters and women


Subject(s)
Coinfection , Equatorial Guinea , HIV Infections , Malaria , Prevalence
4.
Pathog Glob Health ; 108(7): 339-43, 2014 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25348116

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Drug resistance against Plasmodium falciparum has been recognized as the crucial obstacle to curbing mortality and morbidity from malaria. To investigate the distribution and pattern of multidrug resistance 1 (pfmdr1) gene polymorphisms in P. falciparum, isolates collected from the malaria high-endemic Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 217 patients with P. falciparum malaria during rainy season in 2012 on Bioko Island. These samples were extracted using Chelex to obtain parasite DNA. Nest-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were employed to detect mutations (N86Y, E130K, Y184F, S1034C, N1042D, V1109I, and D1246Y) and haplotypes in pfmdr1 gene. RESULTS: A total of 151 samples were successfully detected for pfmdr1 mutations from the 217 patients. Pfmdr1 mutations were found in 91·39% (138/151) P. falciparum isolates. However, no mutation at 130 and 1109 was identified from these samples. Four haplotypes coding 86, 184, 1034, 1,042, and 1,246 were found including NYSND, YYSND, NFSND, and YFSND, which accounted for 8·61% (13/151), 2·65% (4/151), 29·80% (45/151), and 58·94% (89/151), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results exhibited hypersensitivity to lumefantrine (LU) and mefloquine (MQ) and resistance to chloroquine (CQ) and amodiaquine (AQ) in P. falciparum isolates from Bioko Island. This information will be useful for anti-malarial drug policy in Equatorial Guinea.


Subject(s)
Antimalarials/pharmacology , Drug Resistance , Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology , Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics , Mutation, Missense , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects , Plasmodium falciparum/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , DNA, Protozoan/chemistry , DNA, Protozoan/genetics , Female , Gene Frequency , Guinea/epidemiology , Humans , Infant , Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Mutant Proteins/genetics , Plasmodium falciparum/isolation & purification , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Young Adult
5.
Mol Med Rep ; 9(6): 2479-84, 2014 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24718623

ABSTRACT

Each year, ~300,000 individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD), a hemoglobinopathy caused by ß-globin gene mutation, are born, and >75% of those are in Africa. The present study examined 511 individuals on the island of Bioko (Equatorial Guinea) and attempted to establish a method for rapid sickle cell disease screening. Following DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, high resolution melting (HRM) analysis was used to assess the specificity of fluorescence signals of the PCR products and to differentiate various genotypes of these products. The analytical results of HRM were validated using DNA sequencing. By HRM analysis, 80 out of 511 samples were classified as hemoglobin S (Hb S) heterozygotes, while 431 out of 511 samples were classified as wild-type. No mutant homozygote was identified. DNA sequencing indicated that within the 431 wild-type samples as indicated by HRM analysis, one case was actually a Hb S heterozygote and another case was a rare hemoglobin S-C genotype (sickle-hemoglobin C disease). One out of 80 suspected Hb S heterozygotes as indicated by HRM was confirmed as wild-type by DNA sequencing and the results of residual 508 cases were consistent for HRM analysis and sequencing. In conclusion, HRM analysis is a simple, high-efficiency approach for Hb S screening and is useful for early diagnosis of SCD and particularly suitable for application in the African area.


Subject(s)
Anemia, Sickle Cell/diagnosis , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anemia, Sickle Cell/epidemiology , Anemia, Sickle Cell/genetics , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult
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