ABSTRACT
Salmonellosis in calves is a bacterial disease that affects their digestive tract causing diarrhea. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out with the aim of studying the prevalence of various serovars of Salmonella in calves and their relationship with diarrhea signs. The study was conducted in Mar and Sierras Dairy Basin located in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Seven hundred and twenty six calves both with diarrhea signs or not were sampled by rectal mucosa swab in 50 dairy farms during the rearing period. Isolates identified as Salmonella spp. were classified using polyvalent and monovalent antisera against somatic, flagellar and capsule antigens (Vi). Salmonella spp. was found in 36% of the farms and serotypes were: S. Mbandaka, S. Anatum, S. Typhimurium, S. Dublin, S. Montevideo, S. Meleagridis, S. Newport, S. Seftemberg, S. subesp. 16,7:z1, S. Infantis, S. Give. A percentage of 5.5% calves was positive and calves showing diarrheal signs were 5.9 times more likely to be infected with Salmonella spp. than those having no signs. The age of positive calves ranged from the first day of life to 53; the second day being the most frequent time. In conclusion, 11 Salmonella serovars were detected in one out of 3dairy farms in Mar and Sierras Dairy Basin, and not only were these serovars associated with diarrhea signs including the presence of mucus in feces, but they were also more prevalent among calves aged up to 21 days.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases/microbiology , Cattle/microbiology , Salmonella Infections, Animal/microbiology , Salmonella/isolation & purification , Age Factors , Animal Feed , Animal Husbandry/methods , Animals , Argentina/epidemiology , Cattle/growth & development , Cattle Diseases/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Farms , Feces/microbiology , Prevalence , Rectum/microbiology , Salmonella/classification , Salmonella Infections, Animal/epidemiology , SerogroupABSTRACT
Bovine tritrichomonosis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the protozoon Tritrichomonas foetus and characterised by embryonic-death and abortion. During pregnancy, the processes of cell proliferation and death play a crucial role for blastocyst implantation and the subsequent maintenance of early pregnancy, and their misbalance may lead to the abortion. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether cell proliferation and death may be altered during tritrichomonosis. For this purpose, we used pregnant BALB/c mice as an alternative experimental animal model that has successfully reproduced the infection. We analysed the immunohistochemical expression of active caspase-3 and proliferating cell nuclear (PCNA) antigens in the endometrium of infected mice. We found an increase in the number of caspase-3 positive cells in infected mice that were not pregnant at the necropsy. Besides, the number of positive proliferating cells increased in the uterine luminal epithelium of infected animals killed at 5-7 days post coitum (dpc). Pregnant infected mice killed at 8-11 dpc showed higher proliferation than control animals. We suggest that the cytopathic effect induced by T. foetus in the uteri of infected mice may induce the apoptosis of the epithelial cells and, as a result, promote a compensatory proliferative response. The information described here will be helpful to further study the pathogenesis of the bovine tritrichomonosis.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases/pathology , Embryo Loss/veterinary , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/veterinary , Protozoan Infections, Animal/pathology , Tritrichomonas foetus/pathogenicity , Animals , Apoptosis , Caspase 3/analysis , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/mortality , Cattle Diseases/parasitology , Cell Proliferation , Disease Models, Animal , Embryo Loss/parasitology , Embryo Loss/pathology , Female , Fetal Diseases/mortality , Fetal Diseases/pathology , Fetal Diseases/veterinary , Immunohistochemistry/veterinary , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/mortality , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/pathology , Protozoan Infections, Animal/mortality , Uterus/enzymology , Uterus/pathologyABSTRACT
PROBLEM: Bovine tritrichomonosis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Tritrichomonas foetus, characterized by conceptus loss. We developed a mouse model of tritrichomonosis to study the mechanisms involved in the embryonic death. We hypothesized that embryonic death may be due to an exacerbated maternal response to the pathogen that then affects embryo development. METHOD OF STUDY: We infected BALB/c mice with Tritrichomonas foetus and paired them after confirming active infection. We studied the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, markers for T regulatory and T helper 17 cells as well as haem-oxygenase-1 expression in uterine tissue by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS: As expected, TNF-α was augmented in infected animals. IL-10 and IL-4 were also up-regulated. Treg-associated genes were higher expressed in uteri of infected group. In mice that have lost their conceptus after the infection, haem-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA levels were strongly decreased, while RORγt mRNA, a reliable marker for Th17, was augmented in uterus. CONCLUSION: A T effector response of type 1 and 17 may be involved in tritrichomonosis-related embryonic death. This alters protective mechanisms as HO-1. Increased regulatory T cells may facilitate embryonic death by promoting the persistence of infection.
