Prolonged Outbreak of Carbapenem and Colistin-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae at a Large Tertiary Hospital in Brazil.

Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria, such as carbapenem and colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (ColR-CRKP), represent a major problem for health systems worldwide and have high lethality. This study investigated the genetic relationship, antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and resistance mechanisms to ColR-CRKP isolates from patients infected/colonized in a tertiary hospital in Salvador, Bahia/Brazil. From September 2016 to January 2018, 46 patients (56 ColR-CRKP positive cultures) were enrolled in the investigation but clinical and demographic data were obtained from 31 patients. Most of them were men (67.7%) and elderly (median age of 62 years old), and the median Charlson score was 3. The main comorbidities were systemic arterial hypertension (38.7%), diabetes (32.2%), and cerebrovascular disease (25.8%). The average hospitalization stay until ColR-CRKP identification in days were 35.12. A total of 90.6% used mechanical ventilation and 93.7% used a central venous catheter. Of the 31 patients who had the data evaluated, 12 had ColR-CRKP infection, and seven died (58.4%). Previous use of polymyxins was identified in 32.2% of the cases, and carbapenems were identified in 70.9%. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for colistin was > 16 µg/mL, with more than half of the isolates (55%) having a MIC of 256 µg/mL. The bla KPC gene was detected in 94.7% of the isolates, bla NDM in 16.0%, and bla GES in 1.7%. The bla OXA-48, bla VIM, and bla IMP genes were not detected. The mcr-1 test was negative in all 56 isolates. Alteration of the mgrB gene was detected in 87.5% (n = 49/56) of the isolates, and of these, 49.0% (24/49) had alteration in size probably due to IS903B, 22.4% (11/49) did not have the mgrB gene detected, 20.4% (10/49) presented the IS903B, 6.1% (3/49) had a premature stop codon (Q30*), and 2.1% (1/49) presented a thymine deletion at position 104 - 104delT (F35fs). The PFGE profile showed a monoclonal profile in 84.7% of the isolates in different hospital sectors, with ST11 (CC-258) being the most frequent sequence type. This study presents a prolonged outbreak of ColR-CRKP in which 83.9% of the isolates belonged to the same cluster, and 67.6% of the patients evaluated had not used polymyxin, suggesting the possibility of cross-transmission of ColR-CRKP isolates.

Sickle cell disease children's gut colonization by extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales: an antibiotic prophylaxis effect?

Introduction. Sickle cell disease (SCD) children have a high susceptibility to pneumococcal infection. For this reason, they are routinely immunized with pneumococcal vaccines and use antibiotic prophylaxis (AP).Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Yet, little is known about SCD children's gut microbiota. If antibiotic-resistant Enterobacterales may colonize people on AP, we hypothesized that SCD children on AP are colonized by resistant enterobacteria species.Objective. To evaluate the effect of continuous AP on Enterobacterales gut colonization from children with SCD.Methodology. We analysed 30 faecal swabs from SCD children on AP and 21 swabs from children without the same condition. Enterobacterales was isolated on MacConkey agar plates and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). We performed the antibiogram by Vitek 2 system (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France), and the resistance genes were identified by multiplex PCR.Results. We found four different species with resistance to one or more different antibiotic types in the AP-SCD children's group: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, and Citrobacter farmeri. Colonization by resistant E. coli was associated with AP (prevalence ratio 2.69, 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.98-3.67, P<0.001). Strains producing extended-spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBL) were identified only in SCD children, E. coli, 4/30 (13 %), and K. pneumoniae, 2/30 (7 %). The ESBL-producing Enterobacterales were associated with penicillin G benzathine use (95 % CI, 22.91-86.71, P<0.001). CTX-M-1 was the most prevalent among ESBL-producers (3/6, 50 %), followed by CTX-M-9 (2/6, 33 %), and CTX-M-2 (1/6, 17 %).Conclusion. Resistant enterobacteria colonize SCD children on AP, and this therapy raises the chance of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales colonization. Future studies should focus on prophylactic vaccines as exclusive therapy against pneumococcal infections.

Estratégias para a popularização dos conhecimentos sobre a doença falciforme / Strategies for the popularization of the knowledge about sickle cell disease / Estrategias para la popularización del conocimiento de la enfermedad de células falciformes

Frente a lacuna formativa dos profissionais da atenção básica e da educação para o manejo e acompanhamento adequados das pessoas que vivem com a Doença Falciforme, considerada a doença genética de maior prevalência no Brasil, este trabalho teve como objetivo capacitar profissionais das áreas da saúde e da educação em nove municípios da região do Recôncavo do estado da Bahia, entre 2014 e 2015. As capacitações ocorreram com equipe multidisciplinar, envolvendo enfermeiros, médicos, dentistas, discentes e docentes da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, membros da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia, Secretarias Municipais de Saúde, Núcleo Regional de Saúde Leste e apoio financeiro da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia. Os resultados indicaram a participação de 702 profissionais no programa: 29 (4,1%) médicos, 101 (14,4%) enfermeiros, 43 (6,1%) dentistas, 69 (9,8%) outros profissionais graduados (psicólogos, fisioterapeutas, nutricionistas, professores) e 460 (65,5%) agentes comunitários de saúde e técnicos. No curso de manejo clínico compareceram 80 (46%) enfermeiros, 56 (32,2%) médicos e 38 (21.8%) dentistas, totalizando 174 participantes. Concluiu-se que, mediante o número expressivo de participantes das diferentes áreas do conhecimento que atuam na atenção básica e nas escolas da região, o tema possuiu extrema relevância para os profissionais, apesar da pouca visibilidade demonstrada pelas políticas de saúde pública e de educação. Não obstante, a estratégia utilizada mostrou-se eficiente e contribuiu de forma eficaz para a capacitação dos profissionais.

Facing the formative gap of professionals in basic health care and in education for the management and adequate follow-up of people living with Sickle Cell Disease, considered the most prevalent genetic disease in Brazil, this study aimed to train professionals in the fields of health and education in nine municipalities in the Recôncavo region of Bahia State between 2014 and 2015. The training took place with a multidisciplinary team involving nurses, doctors, dentists, students and teachers from the Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia, members of the Health Department of Bahia State, Municipal Health Department, Eastern Regional Health Center and financial support from the Foundation for Research Support of Bahia State. The results indicated the participation of 702 professionals in the program: 29 (4.1%) physicians, 101 (14.4%) nurses, 43 (6.1%) dentists, 69 (9.8%) other (psychologists, physiotherapists, nutritionists, and teachers) and 460 (65.5%) community health agents and technicians. In the clinical management course, 80 (46%) nurses, 56 (32.2%) physicians and 38 (21.8%) dentists, 174 total participant number. It was possible to conclude that, for the expressive number of participants from different areas of knowledge, the theme was considered extremely relevant for the professionals in the region, despite the poor visibility of public health and education policies. Nevertheless, the strategy used proved to be efficient and contributed effectively to the training of all those involved.

Delante de la laguna formativa de los profesionales de la atención básica y de la educación para el manejo y acompañamiento adecuado de las personas que viven con la Enfermedad Falciforme, considerada la enfermedad genética de mayor prevalencia en Brasil, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo capacitar profesionales de las áreas de salud y de la educación en nueve municipios de la Región del Recôncavo de Bahia, entre 2014 y 2015. Las capacitaciones ocurrieron con equipo multidisciplinario, envolviendo enfermeros, médicos, dentistas, alumnos y profesores de la Universidad Federal del Recôncavo de Bahia, miembros de las Secretarias Municipales de Salud, Núcleo Regional de Salud Este y apoyo financiero de la Fundación de Amparo a la Investigación del Estado de Bahía. Los resultados indicaron la participación de 702 profesionales en el programa: 29 (4,1%) médicos, 101 (14,4%) enfermeros, 43 (6,1%) dentistas, 69 (9,8%) otros profesionales graduados (psicólogos, fisioterapeutas, nutricionistas, profesores) y 460 (65,5%) agentes comunitarios de salud y técnicos. En el curso de manejo clínico asistieron 80 (46%) enfermeros, 56 (32,2%) médicos y 38 (21.8%) dentistas, totalizando 174 participantes. Concluyóse que, delante del número expresivo de partícipes de las diferentes áreas del conocimiento, considerase que el tema poseía extrema relevancia para los profesionales, a pesar de la poca visibilidad por las políticas públicas de salud y educación. No obstante, la estrategia utilizada se mostró eficiente y contribuyó de forma eficaz para la capacitación de todos los envueltos.