Assessment of the reliability of YouTube™ videos about zirconia crowns in pediatric dentistry.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the reliability of YouTube™ videos on zirconia crowns in pediatric dentistry. METHODS: On January 4, 2022, a search was performed using the term "pediatric zirconia crown". The first 100 videos on the subject were included. Non-English videos, duplicates, and off-topic videos were excluded. For each video, an examiner recorded the number of views, likes, comments, channel followers, upload date, duration, and category rating. Two examiners assessed the reliability of the information presented in the videos using DISCERN, a brief questionnaire and scale score used to assess in a valid and reliable way the quality of information on treatment choices for health problems. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Of the initial 100 videos, 72 were excluded because of language, duplication, and subject matter. The 28 remaining videos had an average of 3.5 comments, 8,896.18 channel followers, 5,614.00 views, 19.14 likes, and a duration of 840.32 s. The average view rate was 7.54 per day ± 10,206.81. There was a statistically significant difference between the number of views and comments (p < 0.001), likes and comments (p < 0.001), and likes and views (p = 0.006). According to the DISCERN, none of the videos received the maximum grade to be considered very good. Two were considered good, nine fair, fourteen poor, and three very poor. CONCLUSION: Given that the majority of YouTube™ videos currently available on zirconia crowns in pediatric dentistry were deemed unreliable according to the DISCERN questionnaire, caution should be exercised when using the information presented.

Trypanosoma cruzi modulates lipid metabolism and highjacks phospholipids from the midgut of Rhodnius prolixus.

Chagas disease is potentially life-threatening and caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The parasite cannot synthesize some lipids and depends on the uptake of these lipids from its vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. To achieve this, T. cruzi may need to modify the physiology of the insect host for its own benefit. In this study, we investigated the interaction of T. cruzi (Y strain) with its insect vector Rhodnius prolixus and how it manipulates the vector lipid metabolism. We observed a physiological change in lipid flux in of infected insects. In the fat body of infected insects, triacylglycerol levels decreased by 80.6% and lipid storage droplet-1(LSD-1) mRNA levels were lower, when compared to controls. Lipid sequestration by infected midguts led to increased levels of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and activation in the fat body, inhibiting the synthesis of fatty acids and stimulating their oxidation. This led to reduced lipid levels in the fat body of infected insets, despite the fact that T. cruzi does not colonize this tissue. There was a 3-fold increase, in lipid uptake and synthesis in the midgut of infected insects. Finally, our results suggest that the parasite modifies the lipid flux and metabolism of its vector R. prolixus through the increase in lipid delivery from the fat body to midgut that are then scavenge by T cruzi.

Dendrorchis pampae sp. n. (Digenea: Gorgoderidae) from Cynopoecilus melanotaenia (Cyprinodontiformes: Cynolebiidae) a killifish from southern Brazil, with an emended diagnosis of Dendrorchis.

A new species of Dendrorchis is described and compared with others in the genus. The parasites were found in the swim bladder of the annual killifish Cynopoecilus melanotaenia. Hosts were collected from a seasonal wetland in southern Brazil. The main characteristics of D. pampae are: genital pore in the intestinal bifurcation region elongate and lobed vitellaria uterine loops limited to the acetabular region and to the rear end of the body; and wide intestinal caeca. An emended diagnosis of the genus Dendrorchis includes the characteristics of the new species. This is the first record of an adult digenean in an annual killifish from South America.

Helminth fauna of Megaleporinus obtusidens (Characiformes: Anostomidae) from Lake Guaíba: analysis of the parasite community.

ABTRACT: Structure of the helminth community of Megaleporinus obtusidens collected in Lake Guaíba was evaluated, and the results indicated that the diversity of helminth species was probably determined by fish behavior and eating habits. The influence of sex, weight, and standard length of hosts for parasitic indices was also analyzed. Sixteen helminth species were found parasitizing M. obtusidens, including the following: platyhelminths, with the highest richness, represented by one species of Aspidobothrea; four species of Digenea; and eight species of Monogenea; the latter, presented the highest prevalence. Rhinoxenus arietinus, found in nasal cavities, had the greater abundance, and was the only species classified as core. The prevalence of Urocleidoides paradoxus was significantly influenced by the sex of the host; females had the highest values. Abundance was weakly influenced by fish weight and the body length of the hosts. Urocleidoides sp. had its abundance weakly influenced by the host weight. The other helminths were not influenced by biometric characteristics of the hosts. The total species richness was similar between male and female fish, and both had 14 helminth species of parasites.

Acaricidal activity of essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum, hydrolate and eugenol formulated or free on larvae and engorged females of Rhipicephalus microplus.

The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) (Ixodida: Ixodidae), is the most important ectoparasite in cattle-breeding areas and is responsible for severe economic losses. Synthetic acaricides have been used to control this parasite. However, the need for safer products has stimulated the search for new acaricides, such as those to be obtained from medicinal plants. The essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) has many biological properties and shows great potential for use in veterinary applications. In the context of the need for new agents, this study investigated the in vitro properties of the hydrolate, essential oil and the main constituent of S. aromaticum, eugenol, in formulated and free applications against larvae and females of R. microplus. Eugenol and the essential oil caused 100% mortality in larvae at starting applications of 2.5 mg/mL and 5.0 mg/mL, respectively. The hydrolate showed no activity. Both eugenol and essential oil had good efficacy in adult immersion tests at 50 mg/mL and achieved 100% efficacy at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. The results of these tests reaffirm the important potential of clove essential oil and eugenol.

Synergism of thymol, carvacrol and eugenol in larvae of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, and brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus.

The effects of combinations of the monoterpenes thymol and carvacrol and the phenylpropanoid eugenol in larvae of Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) (Acari: Ixodidae) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) (Acari: Ixodidae) were assessed by the larval packet test. The CompuSyn program was used to make qualitative assessments of the effects (synergistic, additive and antagonistic) of the associations. The effects of all combinations tested against R. microplus larvae were synergistic, with combination indices (CIs) <0.70. When tested against R. sanguineus, eight of the mixtures showed a synergistic effect (CI < 0.70); only the carvacrol + thymol mixture at LC50 presented a moderate synergistic effect, with CIs between 0.70-0.90. This study is the first to determine the effects of the interactions of these substances in the control of these two tick species. The combinations of carvacrol + thymol, carvacrol + eugenol and thymol + eugenol have synergistic effects in R. microplus and R. sanguineus s.l. larvae.

Fluorescent membrane markers elucidate the association of Borrelia burgdorferi with tick cell lines.

This study aimed to describe the association of Borrelia burgdorferi s.s. with ixodid tick cell lines by flow cytometry and fluorescence and confocal microscopy. Spirochetes were stained with a fluorescent membrane marker (PKH67 or PKH26), inoculated into 8 different tick cell lines and incubated at 30°C for 24 h. PKH efficiently stained B. burgdorferi without affecting bacterial viability or motility. Among the tick cell lines tested, the Rhipicephalus appendiculatus cell line RA243 achieved the highest percentage of association/internalization, with both high (90%) and low (10%) concentrations of BSK-H medium in tick cell culture medium. Treatment with cytochalasin D dramatically reduced the average percentage of cells with internalized spirochetes, which passed through a dramatic morphological change during their internalization by the host cell as observed in time-lapse photography. Almost all of the fluorescent bacteria were seen to be inside the tick cells. PKH labeling of borreliae proved to be a reliable and valuable tool to analyze the association of spirochetes with host cells by flow cytometry, confocal and fluorescence microscopy.

Fluorescent membrane markers elucidate the association of Borrelia burgdorferi with tick cell lines

This study aimed to describe the association of Borrelia burgdorferi s.s. with ixodid tick cell lines by flow cytometry and fluorescence and confocal microscopy. Spirochetes were stained with a fluorescent membrane marker (PKH67 or PKH26), inoculated into 8 different tick cell lines and incubated at 30°C for 24 h. PKH efficiently stained B. burgdorferi without affecting bacterial viability or motility. Among the tick cell lines tested, the Rhipicephalus appendiculatus cell line RA243 achieved the highest percentage of association/internalization, with both high (90%) and low (10%) concentrations of BSK-H medium in tick cell culture medium. Treatment with cytochalasin D dramatically reduced the average percentage of cells with internalized spirochetes, which passed through a dramatic morphological change during their internalization by the host cell as observed in time-lapse photography. Almost all of the fluorescent bacteria were seen to be inside the tick cells. PKH labeling of borreliae proved to be a reliable and valuable tool to analyze the association of spirochetes with host cells by flow cytometry, confocal and fluorescence microscopy.

Effect of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema Glaseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) isolate Santa Rosa on the biological parameters of engorged nymphs of Amblyomma Cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae) / Os efeitos do nematoide entomopatogênico steinernema glaseri (rhabditida: steinernematidae) isolado Santa Maria sobre os parâmetros Biológicos de ninfas ingurgitadas de amblyomma cajennense (acari: Ixodidae)

This work evaluated the in vitro effects of Steinernema glaseri on the biology of engorged Amblyomma cajennense nymphs. The ticks were exposed to infective juveniles (IJs) of S. glaseri at different concentrations. Each treatment was composed by 10 experimental units (EU = repetitions) in Petri dishes maintained at 27 ± 1º C and relative humidity (RH) > 80 ± 10% for 72 hours. Then the nymphs were transferred to Petri dishes free of nematodes for observation of the following parameters: pre-ecdysis period (PEP), ecdysis period (EP), molting period (MP), ecdysis percentage (%Ec) and mortality percentage (%Mt). The groups treated with 5,000 and 10,000 IJs/EU showed significant alterations in the PEP when compared to the control, while for the EP only the treatment with 10,000 IJs/EU produced any significant changes compared to the control. The MP did not differ significantly from the control in any of the treated groups. For the %Ec only the group treated with 10,000 IJs/EU differed significantly from the control. The greatest efficiency was obtained at the concentration of 10,000 IJs/EU, in which the mortality percentage was 13%. This demonstrates that the nematode utilized was not able to cause high mortality in engorged A. cajennense nymphs and agrees with other reports indicating that immature ticks are not highly susceptible to entomopathogenic nematodes.(AU)

Esse trabalho avaliou os efeitos in vitro de Steinernema glaseri sobre a biologia de ninfas ingurgitadas de Amblyomma cajennense. Os carrapatos foram expostos a juvenis infectantes (JI) de S. glaseri sob diferentes concentrações. Cada tratamento foi composto de 10 unidades experimentais (EU = repetições) em placas de Petri mantidas sob 27 ± 1º C e UR > 80 ± 10% por 72 horas. Em seguida, as ninfas foram transferidas para placas de Petri isentas de nematoides para observação dos seguintes parâmetros: período de pré-ecdise (PPE), período de ecdise (PE), período de muda (PM), porcentagem de ecdise (%Ec) e porcentagem de mortalidade (%Mt). Os grupos tratados com 5.000 e 10.000 JI/UE mostraram alterações significativas no PPE quando comparados com o controle, enquanto para o PE somente o tratamento com 10.000 JI/UE produziu mudanças significativas quando comparado com o controle. Não houve diferença significativa do PM em relação ao grupo controle em nenhum dos tratamentos e, para a %Ec, somente o grupo tratado com 10.000 JI/UE diferiu significativamente do controle. A maior eficiência foi obtida com a concentração de 10.000 JI/EU na qual a mortalidade foi de 13%. Isso demonstra que o nematoide utilizado não foi capaz de causar alta mortalidade em ninfas ingurgitadas de A. cajennese e concorda com outros relatos indicando que carrapatos imaturos não são altamente susceptíveis a nematoides entomopatogênicos.(AU)

Effect of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema Glaseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) isolate Santa Rosa on the biological parameters of engorged nymphs of Amblyomma Cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae) / Os efeitos do nematoide entomopatogênico steinernema glaseri (rhabditida: steinernematidae) isolado Santa Maria sobre os parâmetros Biológicos de ninfas ingurgitadas de amblyomma cajennense (acari: Ixodidae)

This work evaluated the in vitro effects of Steinernema glaseri on the biology of engorged Amblyomma cajennense nymphs. The ticks were exposed to infective juveniles (IJs) of S. glaseri at different concentrations. Each treatment was composed by 10 experimental units (EU = repetitions) in Petri dishes maintained at 27 ± 1º C and relative humidity (RH) > 80 ± 10% for 72 hours. Then the nymphs were transferred to Petri dishes free of nematodes for observation of the following parameters: pre-ecdysis period (PEP), ecdysis period (EP), molting period (MP), ecdysis percentage (%Ec) and mortality percentage (%Mt). The groups treated with 5,000 and 10,000 IJs/EU showed significant alterations in the PEP when compared to the control, while for the EP only the treatment with 10,000 IJs/EU produced any significant changes compared to the control. The MP did not differ significantly from the control in any of the treated groups. For the %Ec only the group treated with 10,000 IJs/EU differed significantly from the control. The greatest efficiency was obtained at the concentration of 10,000 IJs/EU, in which the mortality percentage was 13%. This demonstrates that the nematode utilized was not able to cause high mortality in engorged A. cajennense nymphs and agrees with other reports indicating that immature ticks are not highly susceptible to entomopathogenic nematodes.

Esse trabalho avaliou os efeitos in vitro de Steinernema glaseri sobre a biologia de ninfas ingurgitadas de Amblyomma cajennense. Os carrapatos foram expostos a juvenis infectantes (JI) de S. glaseri sob diferentes concentrações. Cada tratamento foi composto de 10 unidades experimentais (EU = repetições) em placas de Petri mantidas sob 27 ± 1º C e UR > 80 ± 10% por 72 horas. Em seguida, as ninfas foram transferidas para placas de Petri isentas de nematoides para observação dos seguintes parâmetros: período de pré-ecdise (PPE), período de ecdise (PE), período de muda (PM), porcentagem de ecdise (%Ec) e porcentagem de mortalidade (%Mt). Os grupos tratados com 5.000 e 10.000 JI/UE mostraram alterações significativas no PPE quando comparados com o controle, enquanto para o PE somente o tratamento com 10.000 JI/UE produziu mudanças significativas quando comparado com o controle. Não houve diferença significativa do PM em relação ao grupo controle em nenhum dos tratamentos e, para a %Ec, somente o grupo tratado com 10.000 JI/UE diferiu significativamente do controle. A maior eficiência foi obtida com a concentração de 10.000 JI/EU na qual a mortalidade foi de 13%. Isso demonstra que o nematoide utilizado não foi capaz de causar alta mortalidade em ninfas ingurgitadas de A. cajennese e concorda com outros relatos indicando que carrapatos imaturos não são altamente susceptíveis a nematoides entomopatogênicos.

Nematoides entomopatogênicos infectam ovos e adultos cigarrinha-das-pastagens? / Can entomopathogenic nematodes infect eggs and adults of spittlebugs?

Nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEPs) são potenciais controladores biológicos das ninfas de cigarrinhas-das-pastagens. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência dos NEPs contra as demais fases de vida (ovos e adultos) de Mahanarva spectabilis, desenvolveu-se experimento sob condições de laboratório. Ovos em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento embrionário foram expostos aos NEPs Steinernema anomali. S. carpocapsae. S. feltiae. S. riobrave. Heterorhabditis amazonensis RSC1, H. amazonensis RSC5, Heterorhabditis sp. JPM3, Heterorhabditis indica LPP1 e Heterorhabditis sp. PI no volume de 2 mL com concentração de 2.000 JIs/mL. A eficiência do patógeno foi avaliada através da dissecação dos ovos após sete dias de exposição. No experimento com adultos as unidades experimentais (UEs) consistiram de gaiolas contendo adultos da cigarrinha submetidas a uma suspensão aquosa com 20 mL contendo 8.000 JIs/mL de S. riobrave (tratamento) das quais se compararam a mortalidade e número de ovos recuperados com os mesmos parâmetros das UEs livres de nematoides (testemunha). Os nematoides não foram capazes de penetrar os ovos do cercopídeo. Não foi observada morte de indivíduos adultos de cigarrinha, tampouco se observou redução no número de ovos entre as UEs tratadas e testemunhas. Não houve influência da presença de nematoides sobre a freqüência de adultos que permaneciam sobre o substrato. Não foi caracterizada vulnerabilidade destas fases de desenvolvimento do inseto às espécies testadas desses patógenos, portanto, não devem ser aplicados visando o controle dessas fases de desenvolvimento do inseto.

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are potential biological controllers of spittlebug nymphs. With the aim to evaluate the efficiency of EPNs against the other life stages (eggs and adults) of Mahanarva spectabilis, an assay was developed in laboratory conditions. Eggs at different embrionary development phases were exposed to the EPNs Steinernema anomali. S. carpocapsae. S. feltiae. S. riobrave. Heterorhabditis amazonensis RSC1, H. amazonensis RSC5, Heterorhabditis sp. JPM3, Heterorhabditis indica LPP1 and Heterorhabditis sp. PI in a 2 mL aqueous suspension of 2,000 IJ/mL concentration. The efficiency of the pathogens was evaluated by way of egg desiccation after 7 days. In the assay with adults the experimental units consisted of cages containing spittlebug adults exposed to an aqueous suspension (20 mL) with 8,000 IJs/mL of Steinernema riobrave (treatment), and mortality and recovered eggs number were compared with the same parameters of cages free of nematodes (control group). No individual mortality was observed, nor was there a reduction in recovered egg number between the treated and control cages. The presence of nematodes presented no influence on the adults staying on the substrate. Thus, there was no vulnerability in these stages of development of the insect to these pathogens, and therefore it should not be applied for the control of these insect development phases.

NEMATOIDES ENTOMOPATOGÊNICOS INFECTAM OVOS E ADULTOS CIGARRINHA-DAS-PASTAGENS?

ABSTRACT Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are potential biological controllers of spittlebug nymphs. With the aim to evaluate the efficiency of EPNs against the other life stages (eggs and adults) of Mahanarva spectabilis, an assay was developed in laboratory conditions. Eggs at different embrionary development phases were exposed to the EPNs Steinernema anomali. S. carpocapsae. S. feltiae. S. riobrave. Heterorhabditis amazonensis RSC1, H. amazonensis RSC5, Heterorhabditis sp. JPM3, Heterorhabditis indica LPP1 and Heterorhabditis sp. PI in a 2 mL aqueous suspension of 2,000 IJ/mL concentration. The efficiency of the pathogens was evaluated by way of egg desiccation after 7 days. In the assay with adults the experimental units consisted of cages containing spittlebug adults exposed to an aqueous suspension (20 mL) with 8,000 IJs/mL of Steinernema riobrave (treatment), and mortality and recovered eggs number were compared with the same parameters of cages free of nematodes (control group). No individual mortality was observed, nor was there a reduction in recovered egg number between the treated and control cages. The presence of nematodes presented no influence on the adults staying on the substrate. Thus, there was no vulnerability in these stages of development of the insect to these pathogens, and therefore it should not be applied for the control of these insect development phases.

RESUMO Nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEPs) são potenciais controladores biológicos das ninfas de cigarrinhas-das-pastagens. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência dos NEPs contra as demais fases de vida (ovos e adultos) de Mahanarva spectabilis, desenvolveu-se experimento sob condições de laboratório. Ovos em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento embrionário foram expostos aos NEPs Steinernema anomali. S. carpocapsae. S. feltiae. S. riobrave. Heterorhabditis amazonensis RSC1, H. amazonensis RSC5, Heterorhabditis sp. JPM3, Heterorhabditis indica LPP1 e Heterorhabditis sp. PI no volume de 2 mL com concentração de 2.000 JIs/mL. A eficiência do patógeno foi avaliada através da dissecação dos ovos após sete dias de exposição. No experimento com adultos as unidades experimentais (UEs) consistiram de gaiolas contendo adultos da cigarrinha submetidas a uma suspensão aquosa com 20 mL contendo 8.000 JIs/mL de S. riobrave (tratamento) das quais se compararam a mortalidade e número de ovos recuperados com os mesmos parâmetros das UEs livres de nematoides (testemunha). Os nematoides não foram capazes de penetrar os ovos do cercopídeo. Não foi observada morte de indivíduos adultos de cigarrinha, tampouco se observou redução no número de ovos entre as UEs tratadas e testemunhas. Não houve influência da presença de nematoides sobre a freqüência de adultos que permaneciam sobre o substrato. Não foi caracterizada vulnerabilidade destas fases de desenvolvimento do inseto às espécies testadas desses patógenos, portanto, não devem ser aplicados visando o controle dessas fases de desenvolvimento do inseto.

Highly sensitive C-reactive protein and male gender are independently related to the severity of coronary disease in patients with metabolic syndrome and an acute coronary event.

Patients with metabolic syndrome are at high-risk for development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. The objective of this study was to examine the major determinants of coronary disease severity, including those coronary risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome, during the early period after an acute coronary episode. We tested the hypothesis that inflammatory markers, especially highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), are related to coronary atherosclerosis, in addition to traditional coronary risk factors. Subjects of both genders aged 30 to 75 years (N = 116) were prospectively included if they had suffered a recent acute coronary syndrome (acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris requiring hospitalization) and if they had metabolic syndrome diagnosed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III. Patients were submitted to a coronary angiography and the burden of atherosclerosis was estimated by the Gensini score. The severity of coronary disease was correlated (Spearman's or Pearson's coefficient) with gender (r = 0.291, P = 0.008), age (r = 0.218, P = 0.048), hsCRP (r = 0.256, P = 0.020), ApoB/ApoA ratio (r = 0.233, P = 0.041), and carotid intima-media thickness (r = 0.236, P = 0.041). After multiple linear regression, only male gender (P = 0.046) and hsCRP (P = 0.012) remained independently associated with the Gensini score. In this high-risk population, male gender and high levels of hsCRP, two variables that can be easily obtained, were associated with more extensive coronary disease, identifying patients with the highest potential of developing new coronary events.

Highly sensitive C-reactive protein and male gender are independently related to the severity of coronary disease in patients with metabolic syndrome and an acute coronary event

Patients with metabolic syndrome are at high-risk for development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. The objective of this study was to examine the major determinants of coronary disease severity, including those coronary risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome, during the early period after an acute coronary episode. We tested the hypothesis that inflammatory markers, especially highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), are related to coronary atherosclerosis, in addition to traditional coronary risk factors. Subjects of both genders aged 30 to 75 years (N = 116) were prospectively included if they had suffered a recent acute coronary syndrome (acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris requiring hospitalization) and if they had metabolic syndrome diagnosed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III. Patients were submitted to a coronary angiography and the burden of atherosclerosis was estimated by the Gensini score. The severity of coronary disease was correlated (Spearman’s or Pearson’s coefficient) with gender (r = 0.291, P = 0.008), age (r = 0.218, P = 0.048), hsCRP (r = 0.256, P = 0.020), ApoB/ApoA ratio (r = 0.233, P = 0.041), and carotid intima-media thickness (r = 0.236, P = 0.041). After multiple linear regression, only male gender (P = 0.046) and hsCRP (P = 0.012) remained independently associated with the Gensini score. In this high-risk population, male gender and high levels of hsCRP, two variables that can be easily obtained, were associated with more extensive coronary disease, identifying patients with the highest potential of developing new coronary events.

Ocorrência de Contracaecum pelagicum Johnston & Mawson, 1942 (Nematoda, Anisakidae), em pinguim-de-magalhães (Spheniscus magellanicus Forster, 1781) (Aves, Spheniscidae) no litoral do Espírito Santo / Occurrence of Contracaecum pelagicum Johnston & Mawson, 1942 (Nematoda, Anisakidae) in Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus Forster, 1781) (Aves, Spheniscidae) at Espírito Santo coast

The occurrence of gastrointestinal nematodes affecting a Magellanic penguin, which was submitted to necropsy after being found dead at the coast of Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil, was reported. A great number of juveniles nematodes and 48 adults (24 males and 24 females) were found in the stomach of the penguin. The parasite was diagnosed as Contracaecum pelagicum in agreement with the number and the distribution of the precloacal and postcloacal papillae of the male specimens. Other characteristics as distribution of the labial papillae, intestinal caecum and ventricular appendix ratio, spicules length, and total body length ratio were also in accordance to the well-known variation for the species, confirming the diagnosis. This work is the first report of the parasitism by C. pelagicum in Magellanic penguin found in the Southeast of Brazil.(AU)

Pattern of tick spatial distribution of a fragment of forest in an urban area, through a survey by co2 trap

ABSTRACT The study of the ixodofauna in fragments of woods in an urban area is important to the knowledge of species of tick and the dynamic among wild and domestic hosts, allowing to subsidize proposals for the conservation of the fauna and the control of zoonoses such as Brazilian spotted fever. To accomplish the survey, CO2 traps were built up in six different sites of the forest, during a oneyear period, totalizing 12 collections. The ixodids were collected by monitoring the traps and the adjacent vegetation during two hours and put in ethanol 70° GL. At the laboratory they were identified under the stereoscopic optics. At the end of a one-year period of study 2.122 ixodids were colleted, being 793 larvae (37,3%) and 1.277 nymphs (57,8%) of the genus Amblyomma and 102 were adults (4,9%) of the Amblyomma species. The most constant species was Amblyomma cajennense, present in 83,33% of the collections (71 specimen) followed by Amblyomma dubitatum, present in 50% (30 specimen), and Amblyomma calcaratum, 8,33% (one specimen). The observations showed that in the observed environment the populations of Ixodidae have an aggregate distribution, possibly because of the aggregate distribution of the resource, in the case wild hosts.

RESUMO O estudo da ixodofauna de fragmentos de mata em área urbana é fundamental para o conhecimento das espécies de carrapatos e para a dinâmica de transmissão entre hospedeiros silvestres e domésticos, gerando subsídios para propostas de conservação da fauna e controle de zoonoses como a Febre Maculosa Brasileira. Para o levantamento, quatro armadilhas de CO2 foram montadas em seis localidades na mata do Morro do Imperador, Juiz de Fora, MG, durante um ano, totalizando 12 coletas. Os ixodídeos foram coletados por monitoramento das armadilhas e vegetação adjacente durante o período de duas horas e acondicionados em etanol 70° GL. No laboratório, os carrapatos foram identificados sob esterioscopia. Ao final de um ano de estudo, foram coletados 2.122 ixodídeos, sendo 793 larvas (37,3%) e 1.277 ninfas (57, 8%) do gênero Amblyomma, além de 102 adultos (4,9%) do gênero Amblyomma. A espécie mais constante foiAmblyomma cajennense, presente em 83,33% das coletas (71 espécimes), seguido de Amblyomma dubitatum presente em 50% (30 espécimes) e Amblyomma calcaratum em 8,33% (um espécime). As observações mostram que, no ambiente estudado, os ixodídeos têm um padrão de distribuição agregado, possivelmente em função da distribuição agregada do recurso, no caso hospedeiros silvestres.

TNF-á and IL-6 immunohistochemistry in rat renal tissue experimentaly infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola

Leptospirosis is a public health problem worldwide and its etiology remains unclear. Its pathogenesis involves a complex interaction between host and infecting microorganism. The inflammatory reaction that controls the infection process also underscores many pathophysiological events occurring in leptospirosis. We investigated the presence of tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-alfa) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in renal tissues by immunohistochemical and histopathological examination in animals experimentally inoculated with Leptospira serovar Canicola. All the tests were carried out 2, 7, 14, 21 or 28 days after inoculation. Although TNF-alfa and IL-6 had been detected in tissues throughout the observation period, these cytokines appeared more intensely during the initial phase of infection. Therefore, both TNF-alfa and IL-6 were associated with the immunopathogenesis of leptospirosis. This profile suggests a high immunocellular response throughout the early infection stages followed by subsequent humoral response.

COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF OVARIES OF NELORE COWS AND HEIFERS (Bos taurus indicus). / ESTUDO MORFOLÓGICO COMPARATIVO DOS OVÁRIOS DE VACAS E NOVILHAS DA RAÇA NELORE (Bos taurus indicus).

In order to verify the morphological changes of the female reproductive tract of Nelore cows, 20 right and left ovaries of 20 3-to-7-years-old cows and 20 heifers aged approximately 2 years were collected in a slaughterhouse. After anatomical measurements and histological analysis were carried out, conclusions were: 1 - The highest measurements and weights were of the ovaries of cows, as well as the right organs for two groups; however, height showed no significant difference between groups, although significant difference was documented between sides; 2 - The frequency of corpora lutea was higher for cows and significantly greater in the right side in the group of cows and heifers; the frequency of mature follicles was higher for heifers, though no significant difference between the sides was observed in both groups; 3 - The ovaries of cows showed a more developed cortical as compared to the medulla, whereas heifers presented the medullar region more extensive than the cortical; 4 - The coating epithelium varied from pavimentous to cubic, and the tunica albuginea and interstitial tissue were typical for cows and heifers; 5 -  Primordial, primary and growing follicles were present in small numbers in cows, whereas a great quantity of the two latter was seen in heifers; 6 – The mature follicles were typical, although vesicular structures near the oocytes were

Com a finalidade de se verificar as variações morfológicas do aparelho reprodutor de bovinos fêmeas da raça Nelore, foram coletados em abatedouro, 20 ovários direitos e esquerdos de 20 vacas com idade variando de 3 a 7 anos e de 20 novilhas com idade aproximada de 2 anos. Após as mensurações anatômicas e análises histológicas, concluiu-se que: 1- As maiores mensurações e pesos foram dos ovários das vacas e dos lados direitos para os dois grupos; porém a altura não apresentou diferença significativa entre os grupos, mas apresentou diferença significativa entre os lados, 2- A freqüência de corpos lúteos foi maior para as vacas e significativamente maior para os lados direitos nos grupos de vacas e novilhas e a freqüência de folículos maturos foi maior para as novilhas, porém, sem diferença significativa entre os lados para ambos os grupos, 3- Os ovários das vacas mostraram cortical mais desenvolvida que a medular e as novilhas acusaram a medular mais extensa que a cortical, 4- O epitélio de revestimento variou de pavimentoso a cúbico, a túnica albug&