ABSTRACT
The oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busk, 1916), is one of the most important pests in apple orchards in southern Brazil. Chemical control is still the most commonly used strategy for pest control. The aim of this study was to determine the resistance evolution of seven South Brazilian populations to four insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, lufenuron, chlorpyrifos, and fenitrothion). Bioassays were paired with metabolic analyses of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterases (α-NA and ß-NA), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to understand the possible role with phytosanitary strategies in the insects' susceptibility. Insect populations were collected in the municipalities of Campo do Tenente, Lapa and Porto Amazonas, Fraiburgo, São Joaquim, and Vacaria and multiplied in the laboratory. Two susceptible and two resistant populations were used as references. The bioassays showed that five populations were considered more resistant to organophosphates, six to lufenuron and two to chlorantraniliprole when compared with the sensitive population. None of the field populations had greater resistance than the resistant laboratory population. The enzymatic activity of AChE and GST was elevated in most of the populations that were less susceptible to organophosphates and lufenuron. The populations originating from orchards that used sexual confusion techniques had the greatest susceptibility based on toxicological and biochemical bioassays. Populations under pressure from various compounds had high GST, α and ß-NA activity. There is evidence that a diversity of control strategies can provide better resistance management.
Subject(s)
Insecticides , Malus , Moths , Animals , Brazil , FruitABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Anastrepha fraterculus is an important orchard pest. Its management has been based in chemical sprays, but biological control is a growing demand. The objective of this work was to evaluate, under laboratory conditions, the virulence of eight nematode isolates to A. fraterculus in a soil collected in Porto Amazonas, Paraná, Brazil, and to estimate lethal doses (LD50 and LD90) for the more virulent isolate. Steinernema carpocapsae CB 02, three Heterorhabditis sp., two H. amazonensis and two Oscheius sp. isolates were tested in laboratory against A. fraterculus third-instar larvae using as substrate a loam Cambisol collected in an apple orchard. S. carpocapsae CB 02 isolate caused the higher percent mortality of A. fraterculus. Heterorhabditis sp. isolates and LAMIP 9 (Oscheius sp.) isolates were intermediate, while LAMIP 92 (Oscheius sp.) didn't differ from the control. S. carpocapsae CB 02 is able to kill 50% and 90% of A. fraterculus population with 96.3 and 314.7 infective juveniles per larva, respectively, in that soil. As a conclusion, CB 02 is the most virulent to A. fraterculus when the substrate is Porto Amazonas' apple orchard soil and it is able to kill 50 and 90% larval population with 96.3 and 314.7 infective juveniles per larva, respectively.
RESUMO: Anastrepha fraterculus é uma importante praga em pomares. Seu manejo tem se baseado no uso de inseticidas químicos, porém, o controle biológico é uma demanda crescente. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar, em condições laboratoriais, a virulência de oito isolados de nematoides contra A. fraterculus em um solo coletado em Porto Amazonas, Paraná, Brasil, e estimar a dose letal do nematoide mais virulento. Steinernema carpocapsae CB 02, três isolados de Heterorhabditis sp., dois de H. amazonensis e dois de Oscheius sp. foram testados em laboratório contra larvas de terceiro instar de A. fraterculus, usando como substrato um Cambissolo franco coletado em um pomar de macieira. S. carpocapsae CB 02 provocou maior percentual de mortalidade de A. fraterculus. Isolados do gênero Heterorhabditis sp. e o LAMIP 9 (Oscheius sp.) foram intermediários, enquanto o LAMIP 92 (Oscheius sp.) não diferiu da testemunha. S. carpocapsae CB 02 é capaz de matar 50% e 90 % da população de larvas A. fraterculus com 96,3 e 314,7 juvenis infectivos por larva, respectivamente, naquele solo. Como conclusão, CB 02 é o mais virulento à A. fraterculus quando o substrato é solo de pomar de macieira de Porto Amazonas. Ele é capaz de controlar 50% e 90% da população de larvas com 96,3 e 314,7 juvenis infectivos por larva, respectivamente.
ABSTRACT
Neste trabalho foi estudada a biologia de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) "linhagem bonagota" criado em ovos de Bonagota salubricola (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), determinando-se as exigências térmicas e o número de gerações do parasitóide para diferentes regiões produtoras de maçã do Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina. Ovos de B. salubricola com 24 horas de idade foram submetidos ao parasitismo de T. pretiosum durante 24 horas, sendo posteriormente transferidos para câmaras climatizadas reguladas nas temperaturas de 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30 e 32ºC. A duração do ciclo biológico (ovo-adulto) foi significativamente influenciada pela temperatura variando de 8,18 a 18,12 dias a 32 e 18ºC, respectivamente. A porcentagem de emergência dos parasitóides foi maior (66,2 por cento) a 22ºC. A razão sexual de T. pretiosum variou de 0,61 a 0,72 não sendo influenciada pela temperatura. A maior relação de parasitóides/ovo foi encontrada a 30ºC (1,41). A constante térmica (K) e a temperatura base (Tb) foram de 187,7 graus dias e 7,42ºC, respectivamente. O número estimado de gerações anuais de T. pretiosum para os municípios de Fraiburgo e São Joaquim, SC e Vacaria, RS foi de 17,5; 11,6 e 16,8, respectivamente.
The biology of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) "strain bonagota" reared in eggs of Bonagota salubricola (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) was studied in laboratory estimating the thermal requirements and the number of annual generations in some apple production regions of the Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina States. Eggs of B. salubricola were submitted to parasitism by T. pretiosum for 24h, and transferred to incubators regulated to 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30 and 32ºC. The duration of the biological cycle (egg-adult) was influenced by temperature ranging from 8.18 to 18.12 days at 32 and 18ºC, respectively. The parasitoid emergency was higher (66.2 percent) at 22ºC. The sex ratio of T. pretiosum ranged from 0.61 to 0.72 being not influenced by temperature. The highest relation of parasitoids/egg was found at 30ºC (1.41). The thermal constant (k) and the threshold temperature (Tb) was 187.7 degrees days and 7.42ºC, respectively. The number of annual generations estimated for T. pretiosum for Fraiburgo and São Joaquim, SC and Vacaria, RS was 17.5; 11.6 and 16.8, respectively.
