Macular thickness measurements with frequency domain-OCT for quantification of axonal loss in chronic papilledema from pseudotumor cerebri syndrome.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the ability of frequency domain-optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT)-measured macular thickness parameters to differentiate between eyes with resolved chronic papilledema and healthy eyes and to evaluate the correlation between FD-OCT measures and visual field (VF) loss on standard automated perimetry (SAP). METHODS: Fifty-two eyes from 29 patients suffering from pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTC) and 62 eyes from 31 normal controls underwent FD-OCT scanning and ophthalmic evaluation including VF with SAP. All patients had previously been submitted to treatment of PTC and had clinically resolved papilledema and stable VF for at least 6 months before the study. Macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements were determined for both groups. Comparisons were made using Generalized Estimated Equations. Correlations between FD-OCT and VF measurements were verified. RESULTS: In eyes with resolved papilledema, the macular thickness parameters corresponding to the inner and outer superior, temporal, inferior and nasal segments, average macular thickness and most RNFL thickness measurements were significantly reduced when compared with controls. The discrimination ability was similar for macular thickness measurements and RNFL thickness measurements. Both sets of OCT measurements correlated well with VF sensitivity loss. CONCLUSIONS: Eyes with resolved chronic papilledema show a significant reduction in macular thickness, which is well correlated with the severity of VF loss. Macular thickness measurements can potentially be used to estimate and monitor the amount of ganglion cell loss in eyes with papilledema from patients with PTC.

Quantification of orbital apex crowding for screening of dysthyroid optic neuropathy using multidetector CT.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: DON, a serious complication of GO, is frequently difficult to diagnose clinically in its early stages because of confounding signs and symptoms of congestive orbitopathy. We evaluated the ability of square area measurements of orbital apex crowding, calculated with MDCT, to detect DON. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-six patients with GO were studied prospectively with complete neuro-ophthalmologic examination and MDCT scanning. Square measurements were taken from coronal sections 12 mm, 18 mm, and 24 mm from the interzygomatic line. The ratio between the extraocular muscle area and the orbital bone area was used as a CI. Intracranial fat prolapse through the superior orbital fissure was recorded as present or absent. Severity of optic nerve crowding was also subjectively graded on coronal images. Orbits were divided into 2 groups (with or without clinical evidence of DON) and compared. RESULTS: Ninety-five orbits (36 with and 59 without DON) were studied. The CIs at all 3 levels and the subjective crowding score were significantly greater in orbits with DON (P < .001). No significant difference was observed regarding intracranial fat prolapse (P = .105). The area under the ROC curves was 0.91, 0.93, and 0.87 for CIs at 12, 18, and 24 mm, respectively. The best performance was at 18 mm, where a cutoff value of 57.5% corresponded to 91.7% sensitivity, 89.8% specificity, and an odds ratio of 97.2 for detecting DON. A significant correlation (P < .001) between the CIs and VF defects was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Orbital CIs based on area measurements were found to predict DON more reliably than subjective grading of orbital crowding or intracranial fat prolapse.

Correlation between macular and retinal nerve fibre layer Fourier-domain OCT measurements and visual field loss in chiasmal compression.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to test the correlation between Fourier-domain (FD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) macular and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness and visual field (VF) loss on standard automated perimetry (SAP) in chiasmal compression. METHODS: A total of 35 eyes with permanent temporal VF defects and 35 controls underwent SAP and FD-OCT (3D OCT-1000; Topcon Corp.) examinations. Macular thickness measurements were averaged for the central area and for each quadrant and half of that area, whereas RNFL thickness was determined for six sectors around the optic disc. VF loss was estimated in six sectors of the VF and in the central 16 test points in the VF. The correlation between VF loss and OCT measurements was tested with Spearman's correlation coefficients and with linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Macular and RNFL thickness parameters correlated strongly with SAP VF loss. Correlations were generally stronger between VF loss and quadrantic or hemianopic macular thickness than with sectoral RNFL thickness. For the macular parameters, we observed the strongest correlation between macular thickness in the inferonasal quadrant and VF loss in the superior temporal central quadrant (rho=0.78; P<0.001) whereas for the RNFL parameters the strongest correlation was observed between the superonasal optic disc sector and the central temporal VF defect (rho=0.60; P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Although FD-OCT RNFL and macular thickness measurements were both correlated with VF loss, the correlation was stronger with quadrantic macular than with RNFL thickness measurements in patients with temporal hemianopia. Such measurements could potentially be used to quantify neuronal loss in patients with chiasmal compression.

Comparative study of Botox injection treatment for upper eyelid retraction with 6-month follow-up in patients with thyroid eye disease in the congestive or fibrotic stage.

AIM: To compare morphometric data of the eyelid fissure and the levator muscle function (LF) before and up to 6 months after transcutaneous injection with five units of Botox in patients with upper lid retraction (ULR) from congestive or fibrotic thyroid eye disease (TED). METHODS: Twenty-four patients with ULR from TED were submitted to transcutaneous injection of 5 units (0.1 ml) of Botox in one eye only. Patients were divided into two groups: 12 with congestive-stage TED (CG), and 12 with fibrotic-stage TED (FG). Bilateral lid fissure measurements using digital imaging and computer-aided analysis were taken at baseline and at regular intervals 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after unilateral Botox injection. Mean values taken at different follow-up points were compared for the two groups. RESULTS: Most patients experienced marked improvement in ULR, with a mean reduction of 3.81 mm in FG and 3.05 mm in CG. The upper eyelid margin reflex distance, fissure height and total area of exposed interpalpebral fissure were significantly smaller during 1 month in CG and during 3 months in FG. Reduction in LF and in the difference between lateral and medial lid fissure measurements was observed in both groups. The treatment lasted significantly longer in FG than in CG. CONCLUSIONS: A single 5-unit Botox injection improved ULR, reduced LF and produced an adequate lid contour in patients with congestive or fibrotic TED. The effect lasts longer in patients with fibrotic orbitopathy than in patients with congestive orbitopathy.

Comparison of the GDx VCC scanning laser polarimeter and the stratus optical coherence tomograph in the detection of band atrophy of the optic nerve.

AIM: To compare the ability of scanning laser polarimeter (SLP) with variable corneal compensation (GDx VCC) and optical coherence tomograph (Stratus OCT) to discriminate between eyes with band atrophy (BA) of the optic nerve and healthy eyes. METHODS: The study included 37 eyes with BA and temporal visual field (VF) defects from chiasmal compression, and 29 normal eyes. Subjects underwent standard automated perimetry (SAP) and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) scans using GDx VCC and Stratus OCT. The severity of the VF defects was evaluated by the temporal mean defect (TMD), calculated as the average of 22 values of the temporal total deviation plot on SAP. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the relationship between RNFL thickness parameters and the TMD. RESULTS: No significant difference was found between the ROC curves areas (AUCs) for the GDx VCC and Stratus OCT with regard to average RNFL thickness (0.98 and 0.99, respectively) and the superior (0.94; 0.95), inferior (0.96; 0.97), and nasal (0.92; 0.96) quadrants. However, the AUC in the temporal quadrant (0.77) was significantly smaller (P<0.001) with GDx VCC than with Stratus OCT (0.98). Lower TMD values were associated with smaller RNFL thickness in most parameters from both equipments. CONCLUSION: Adding VCC resulted in improved performance in SLP when evaluating eyes with BA, and both technologies are sensitive in detecting average, superior, inferior, and nasal quadrant RNFL loss. However, GDx VCC still poorly discriminates RNFL loss in the temporal quadrant when compared with Stratus OCT.

Comparison of retinal nerve fibre layer measurements using optical coherence tomography versions 1 and 3 in eyes with band atrophy of the optic nerve and normal controls.

AIMS: To compare retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) measurements were carried out with two different versions of an optical coherence tomography device in patients with band atrophy (BA) of the optic nerve and in normal controls. METHODS: The RNFL of 36 eyes (18 with BA and 18 normals) was measured using an earlier version of an optical coherence tomography device (OCT-1). The measurements were repeated using a later version of the same equipment (OCT-3), and the two sets of measurements were compared. RESULTS: Using OCT-1, the peripapillary RNFL thickness (mean+/-SD, in microm) in eyes with BA measured 80.42+/-6.94, 99.81+/-14.00, 61.69+/-13.02, 101.70+/-12.54, and 57.36+/-16.52 corresponding to the total RNFL average, superior, temporal, inferior, and nasal quadrants, respectively. Using OCT-3, the corresponding measurements were 63.11+/-6.76, 81.22+/-13.34, 39.50+/-8.27, 86.72+/-15.16, and 45.05+/-8.03. Each of these measurements was significantly smaller with OCT-3 than with OCT-1. In normal eyes, RNFL average and temporal quadrant OCT-3 values were significantly smaller than OCT-1 values, but there was no significant difference in measurements from the superior, inferior, and nasal quadrant. CONCLUSIONS: RNFL measurements were smaller with OCT-3 than with OCT-1 for almost all parameters in eyes with BA and in the global average and temporal quadrant measurements in normal eyes. Investigators should be aware of this fact when comparing old RNFL measurement with values obtained with later versions of the equipment.

Optical coherence tomography analysis of axonal loss in band atrophy of the optic nerve.

AIMS: To measure axonal loss in patients with band atrophy of the optic nerve caused by optic chiasm compression using optical coherence tomography and to evaluate its ability in identifying this pattern of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) loss. METHODS: Twenty eyes from 16 consecutive patients with band atrophy of the optic nerve and permanent temporal hemianopia due to chiasmal compression, and 20 eyes from an age and sex matched control group of 16 healthy individuals, were studied prospectively. All patients were submitted to an ophthalmic examination including perimetry and evaluation of the RNFL using optical coherence tomography. Mean RNFL thickness around the optic disc was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The mean (SD) peripapillary RNFL thickness of eyes with band atrophy was 101.00 (9.89) microm, 62.21 (12.71) microm, 104.89 (12.60) microm, and 50.13 (16.88) microm in the superior, temporal, inferior, and nasal regions, respectively. The total RNFL mean was 79.94 (7.17) microm. In the control group, the corresponding values were 140.10 (16.06) microm, 86.50 (12.17) microm, 144.60 (15.70) microm, and 97.94 (16.02) microm. The total RNFL mean was 117.72 (9.53) microm. The measurements were significantly different between the two groups. Measurements in each of twelve 30 degrees divisions provided by the equipment also showed significantly different values between eyes with band atrophy and normal controls. CONCLUSIONS: Optical coherence tomography was able to identify axonal loss in all four quadrants as well as in each of the twelve 30 degrees segments of the disc. Thus, it seems to be a promising instrument in the diagnosis and follow up of neuro-ophthalmic conditions responsible for RNFL loss, even if predominantly in the nasal and temporal areas of the optic disc.

Quantitative analysis of axonal loss in band atrophy of the optic nerve using scanning laser polarimetry.

AIMS: To measure axonal loss in patients with band atrophy from optic chiasm compression using scanning laser polarimetry (GDx, Laser Diagnostic Technologies, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA) and to evaluate the ability of this instrument to identify this pattern of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) loss. METHODS: 19 eyes from 17 consecutive patients with band atrophy of the optic nerve and permanent temporal hemianopia due to chiasmal compression, and 19 eyes from an age and sex matched control group of 17 healthy individuals were prospectively studied. All patients were submitted to an ophthalmic examination including Goldmann perimetry and evaluation of the RNFL using scanning laser polarimetry. Mean RNFL thickness around the optic disc were compared between the two groups. The diagnostic performance of the deviation from normal analysis provided by the GDx software was also assessed. RESULTS: The peripapillary RNFL thickness (mean (SD)) of eyes with band atrophy was 47.9 (7.63) micro m, 37.1 (8.48) micro m, 57.0 (9.31) micro m, and 37.2 (8.86) micro m in the superior, temporal, inferior, and nasal regions, respectively. The total average was 43.7 (12.0) micro m. In the control group, the corresponding values were 71.1 (12.2) micro m, 40.4 (10.9) micro m, 85.4 (14.0) micro m, and 49.8 (10.1) micro m. The total average measured 67.9 (11.2) micro m. The measurements from eyes with optic atrophy were significantly different from those in the control group in all regions but the temporal. The deviation from normal analysis provided by the GDx software failed to identify the majority of abnormalities in the temporal and nasal regions of patients with band atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Scanning laser polarimetry was able to identify axonal loss in the superior, inferior, and nasal regions, but failed to detect it in the temporal region of the optic disc, despite the fact that this area was clearly altered in eyes with band atrophy. This examination also showed poor sensitivity to detect axonal loss in the nasal region when GDx software analysis was used. The results of this study emphasise that RNFL evaluation using scanning laser polarimetry should be interpreted with caution in the study of eye diseases that lead to axonal loss predominantly in the nasal and temporal areas of the optic disc.