Carbonate system in the Cabo Frio upwelling.

The quantitative assessment of the carbonate system represents one of the biggest challenges toward the "Sustainable Development Goals" defined by the United Nations in 2015. In this sense, the present study investigated the Spatio-temporal dynamics of the carbonate system and the effects of the El Niño and La Niña phenomena over the Cabo Frio upwelling area. The physical characterization of the site was carried out through data on wind speed and sea surface temperature. Water samples were also collected during the oceanographic cruise onboard the Diadorim R/V (Research Vessel). From these samples, the parameters of absolute and practical salinity, density, pH, total alkalinity, carbonate, calcite, aragonite, bicarbonate dissolved inorganic carbon, carbon dioxide, partial pressure of carbon, calcium, and total boron were obtained. The highest average concentration of bicarbonate in S1 (2018 µmol/kg) seems to contribute to the dissolved inorganic carbon values (2203 µmol/kg). The values of calcite saturation state, aragonite saturation state, and carbonate were higher on the surface of each station (calcite saturation state = 4.80-5.48; aragonite saturation state = 3.10-3.63, and carbonate = 189-216 µmol/kg). The mean values of pH were similar in the day/night samples (7.96/7.97). The whole carbonate system was calculated through thermodynamic modeling with the Marine Chemical Analysis (AQM) program loaded with the results of the following parameters: temperature, salinity, total alkalinity, and pH parameters. This manuscript presents original data on the carbonate system and the "acidification" process influenced by the Cabo Frio upwelling, which directly depends on the El Niño and La Niña phenomena oscillations in the sea surface temperature.

Inventory of water masses and carbonate system from Brazilian's northeast coast: Monitoring ocean acidification.

This manuscript presents an inventory of the carbonate system from the main water masses comprising the marine current system on Brazil's northeast coast (South Atlantic Ocean). For this purpose, four transects were conducted with an approximate length of 357 km (each one) through the platform and continental slope of the Sergipe-Alagoas sedimentary basin. Water samples were then collected in vertical profiles measuring from 5 to 1,799 meters depth, totaling 34 stations. Total alkalinity, calcium, and total boron were obtained analytically from these samples and by relationships with salinity. Speciation and concentration of the carbonate system were obtained by means of thermodynamic modeling. The results revealed that the empirical models used to calculate the concentrations of TA, calcium and total boron showed relevant variation when compared to the analytical values (TA: 5.0-6.5%; Ca: 0.4-4.8%; BT: 7.0-18.9%). However, the speciation and concentration of the carbonate system (CA, DIC, [Formula: see text], CO2(aq), ΩCalc, and ΩArag) obtained from the empirical values of TA, calcium and total boron did not differ significantly from those obtained analytically (0.0-6.1%). On the other hand, the parameters of pH, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], CO2(aq), ρCO2, ΩCalc, and ΩArag varied significantly within the different water masses (p < 0.05). This study supports and encourages acidification monitoring projects in the South Atlantic Ocean, based on modeling the carbonate system parameters generated in real-time.

Prevalência da doença de chagas associada ao modo de infecção / Prevalencia de la enfermedad de chagas asociada al modo de infección / Prevalence of chagas disease associated with the mode of infection

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a prevalência da doença de Chagas aguda e associação com o modo de infecção. Método: estudo descritivo, quantitativo realizado na região de saúde do Tocantins - Pará - Brasil, com 346 casos da doença de Chagas aguda. Os dados foram obtidos em setembro de 2017 e correspondem a 2012-2016, oriundos do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Foram analisados pelo Qui-quadrado de Pearson, p≤0,05, no Excel® 2013. Resultados: maior acometimento do sexo masculino (56,93%) e moradores da zona rural (56,35%). Na zona urbana, 110 (94%) contraíram a doença por via oral e sete (6%) por via vetorial. Na rural, 137 (84%) foram infectados por via oral e 26 (16%) por via vetorial (p=0,010). Conclusão: o controle da doença demanda políticas públicas específicas alinhadas às especificidades locorregionais. A doença de Chagas aguda mostrou-se prevalente com associação entre a infecção oral e residente de área urbana.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia de la enfermedad de Chagas aguda y su asociación con el modo de infección. Método: estudio descriptivo y cuantitativo realizado en la región sanitaria de Tocantins - Pará - Brasil, con 346 casos de enfermedad de Chagas aguda. Los datos se obtuvieron en septiembre de 2017 y corresponden al periodo 2012-2016, a partir del Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación. Se analizaron mediante el chi-cuadrado de Pearson (χ2), p≤0,05, en Excel® 2013. Resultados: mayor acometimiento del sexo masculino (56,93%) y moradores de la zona rural (56,35%). En las zonas urbanas, 110 (94%) contrajeron la enfermedad por vía oral y siete (6%) por vía vectorial. En la zona rural, 137 (84%) se infectaron por vía oral y 26 (16%) por vía vectorial (p=0,010). Conclusión: el control de la enfermedad requiere políticas públicas específicas adaptadas a las especificidades loco-regionales. La enfermedad de Chagas aguda es más prevalente con la asociación entre la infección oral y los residentes de zonas urbanas.

ABSTRACT Objective: analyze the prevalence of acute Chagas disease and association with mode of infection. Method: descriptive, quantitative study conducted in the health region of Tocantins - Pará - Brazil, with 346 cases of acute Chagas disease. The data were obtained in September 2017 and correspond to 2012-2016, from the Information system for health notification diseases. They were analyzed by Pearson's chi-square (χ2), p≤0.05, in Excel® 2013. Results: greater involvement of males (56.93%) and rural residents (56.35%). In urban areas, 110 (94%) contracted the disease orally and seven (6%) by vectorial route. In rural areas, 137 (84%) were infected orally and 26 (16%) vectorially (p=0.010). Conclusion: the control of the disease demands specific public policies aligned to locoregional specificities. Acute Chagas disease was shown to be prevalent with an association between oral infection and urban area residents.

Investigating global mental health: Contributions from political science.

This article outlines an agenda for political science engagement with global mental health. Other social sciences have tackled the topic, investigating such questions as the link between poverty and mental health disorders. Political science is noticeably absent from these explorations. This is striking because mental health disorders affect one billion people globally, governments spend only about 2% of their health budgets on these disorders, and most people lack access to treatment. With its focus on power, political science could deepen knowledge on vulnerabilities to mental illness and explain weak policy responses. By illustrating how various forms of power pertaining to governance, knowledge, and moral authority work through the concepts of issue framing, collective action, and institutions, the article shows that political science can deepen knowledge on this global health issue. Political science can analyse how incomplete knowledge leads to contentious framing, thus hobbling advocacy. It can explain why states shirk their obligations in mental health, and it can question how incentives drive mental health mobilisation. The discipline can uncover how power undergirds institutional responses to global mental health at the international, national, and community levels. Political science should collaborate with other social sciences in research networks to improve policy outcomes.

Compreensão fenomenológica sobre o cotidiano de mulheres com diagnóstico de lesão intraepiterial escamosa alta / Phenomenological understanding of the daily lives of women diagnosed and undergoing treatment of high squamous intraepithelial lesions

O câncer é uma doença conhecida de longa data e os seus primeiros registros são datados do período antes de Cristo (a.C). No Brasil, a taxa estimada de incidência bruta em 2018, considerando todos os cânceres, sexos e idades, é de 265.3/100.000 hab, e os cinco de maior incidência são: próstata, mama, colorretal, pulmão, não-melanoma e de colo de útero. As taxas de projeção para a região Norte para 2018/2019, o câncer de colo de útero identifica-se como o mais incidente na população feminina, sendo que antes de virar uma neoplasia, as alterações celulares são as principais características observadas que podem indicar um carcinoma invasor mais adiante. O objetivo do estudo foi compreender o sentido do cotidiano de mulheres diagnosticadas e em tratamento de Lesão Intraepitelial Escamosa Alta em Unidade de Referência Materno Infantil no Município de Belém do Pará. Optou-se pela abordagem fenomenológica, baseado no referencial teórico metodológico de Martin Heidegger. Por meio da fenomenologia Hermenêutica de Heidegger, constatou-se que o diagnóstico das HSIL teve repercussão em todos os aspectos biopsicossociais dessas mulheres, assim como na construção de suas relações com o outro e com seu mundo circundante. Foi desvelado que poucas mulheres tiveram informações ainda na atenção básica sobre o termo lesão intraepitelial escamosa alta Grau II e III, ou NIC II e NIC III (HSIL). No cotidiano, o ser-mulher diagnosticada e em tratamento para as HSIL, revela que muitas são as barreiras que as mulheres precisam superar diariamente para um viver autêntico na sociedade, e assim, consiga significar seu ex-sistir

Cancer is a long-known disease and its first records are dated to the period before Christ (BC). In Brazil, the estimated gross incidence rate in 2018, considering all cancers, sexes and ages, is 265.3 / 100,000 inhabitants, and the five most prevalent are: prostate, breast, colorectal, lung, non-melanoma and colon uterus. The projection rates for the North region for 2018/2019, cervical cancer is identified as the most incident in the female population, and before becoming a neoplasm, cellular changes are the main characteristics observed that may indicate a invasive carcinoma later. The aim of the study was to understand the daily meaning of women diagnosed and undergoing treatment for High Scaly Intraepithelial Injury in a Maternal and Child Reference Unit in the Municipality of Belém do Pará. The phenomenological approach was chosen, based on Martin Heidegger's theoretical methodological framework. Through Heidegger's Hermeneutic phenomenology, it was found that the diagnosis of HSIL had repercussions in all biopsychosocial aspects of these women, as well as in the construction of their relationships with others and with their surrounding world. It was revealed that few women had information still in primary care about the term Grade II and III scaly intraepithelial lesion, or NIC II and NIC III (HSIL). In everyday life, being a woman diagnosed and undergoing treatment for HSIL, reveals that there are many barriers that women need to overcome daily in order to live authenticly in society, and thus be able to signify their ex-existence

Planejamento da alta hospitalar para pacientes submetidos a revascularização do miocárdio: desafios à atuação do enfermeiro / Planeamiento del alta hospitalaria para pacientes sometidos a revascularización miocárdica: retos a la actuación del enfermero / Planning of hospital discharge for patients who underwent myocardial revascularization surgery: challenges to nurses' performance

RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer a percepção dos enfermeiros sobre sua atuação no planejamento da alta hospitalar de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. Método: estudo qualitativo, exploratório-descritivo, desenvolvido em hospital público na região norte do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados com 16 enfermeiros, de agosto a setembro de 2018, com auxílio de questionário. A análise foi pela técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: foram identificadas duas categorias temáticas: "Planejamento da alta hospitalar, significações e atitudes no cotidiano da prática assistencial" e "Dificuldades enfrentadas pelos enfermeiros para o planejamento da alta hospitalar". Considerações finais: os enfermeiros perceberam pouca atuação no planejamento da alta hospitalar e parecem não o compreender como um processo a ser teorizado e praticado no contexto da Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem. Há fatores que dificultam a atuação dos enfermeiros, como falta de trabalho em equipe, burocratização da assistência, subdimensionamento de pessoal e sobrecarga de atribuições.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: conocer la percepción de los enfermeros acera de su actuación en el planeamiento del alta hospitalaria de pacientes sometidos a cirugía de revascularización miocárdica. Método: estudio cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo, desarrollado en hospital público en la región norte de Brasil. Se obtuvieron los datos con 16 enfermeros, de agosto a septiembre de 2018, por medio de cuestionario. Se hizo la evaluación por medio de la técnica de análisis de contenido. Resultados: se identificaron dos categorías temáticas: "Planeamiento del alta hospitalaria, significaciones y actitudes en el cotidiano de la práctica asistencial" y "Dificultades afrontadas por los enfermeros para el planeamiento del alta hospitalaria". Conclusión: los enfermeros percataron poca actuación en el planeamiento del alta hospitalaria y algunos pueden no comprenderlo como un proceso de teoría y práctica en el contexto de la Sistematización de la Asistencia de Enfermería. Hay factores que dificultan la actuación de los enfermeros, como falta de trabajo en equipo, burocratización de la asistencia, sub dimensionamiento de personal y sobrecarga de atribuciones.

ABSTRACT Objective: to know nurses' perception of their role in the planning of hospital discharge for patients who underwent myocardial revascularization surgery. Method: Qualitative, exploratory-descriptive study, developed in a public hospital in northern Brazil. Data was collected from 16 nurses in the August-September 2018 period, with the use of a questionnaire. Content analysis technique was used. Results: Two thematic categories were identified: "Hospital discharge planning, meanings and attitudes in the daily practice of care" and "Difficulties faced by nurses in the planning of hospital discharge" Final considerations: The nurses found that their participation in hospital discharge planning is insufficient and they do not seem to understand this planning as a process to be theorized and practiced in the context of Nursing Care Systematization. Some factors make it difficult for nurses to perform their activities, such as poor teamwork, excessive non-nursing tasks, inadequate staff sizing and work overload.

Teste rápido molecular para tuberculose: da coleta ao início do tratamento / Prueba molecular para detección rápida de tuberculosis: de la recolección del material al inicio del tratamiento / Rapid molecular test for tuberculosis: from collection to beginning of the treatment

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar o tempo decorrido entre a coleta do material para teste rápido molecular e o início do tratamento para tuberculose em unidades que encaminharam amostras para processamento em Unidades centralizadoras. Método: estudo epidemiológico analítico desenvolvido em duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde em Belém-Pará. Foram coletados dados referentes a 296 casos novos com confirmação laboratorial, diagnosticados de dezembro de 2014 a dezembro de 2015. Na análise, utilizou-se o Teste U de Mann-Whitney, p-valor ≤ 0,05 para a correlação entre as variáveis. Resultados: não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa no tempo de liberação dos resultados de exames em Unidades Centralizadoras e Unidades que encaminharam exames para processamento. Quanto ao início do tratamento, houve diferença no tempo entre as unidades centralizadoras e as de abrangência. Conclusão: a centralização do processamento do Teste Rápido Molecular não interfere no tempo para diagnóstico e tratamento da tuberculose, mesmo com o encaminhamento das amostras entre os serviços.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: determinar el tiempo transcurrido desde que se recolecta el material para la prueba molecular rápida hasta que se inicia el tratamiento contra la tuberculosis en unidades que enviaron muestras para su procesamiento en Unidades Centralizadoras. Método: estudio epidemiológico y analítico desarrollado en dos Unidades Básicas de Salud de Belém-Pará. Se recolectaron datos referentes a 296 casos nuevos con confirmación de laboratorio, diagnosticados entre diciembre de 2014 y diciembre de 2015. En el análisis se utilizó la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, con un valor p≤ 0,05 para la correlación entre las variables. Resultados: no se registró ninguna diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el tiempo de emisión de los resultados de los exámenes entre las Unidades Centralizadoras y las Unidades que enviaron exámenes para su procesamiento. En relación con el inicio del tratamiento, sí se registró una diferencia de tiempos entre las Unidades Centralizadoras y las Unidades Básicas. Conclusión: centralizar el procesamiento de la Prueba Molecular para Detección Rápida de la Tuberculosis no interfiere en el tiempo de diagnóstico ni en el tratamiento, incluso considerando el envío de muestras entre servicios.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the time elapsed between the collection of material for rapid molecular testing and the start of treatment for tuberculosis in units that forwarded samples for processing in centralizing units. Method: An analytical epidemiological study carried out in two Basic Health Units in Belém-Pará. Data was collected referring to 296 new laboratory confirmed cases diagnosed from December 2014 to December 2015. In the analysis, the Mann-Whitney's U test, p-value ≤ 0.05, was used for the correlation between variables. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the time of release of the test results in the Centralizing Units and the Units that sent exams for processing. As for the start of treatment, there was a difference in time between the centralizing units and the coverage units. Conclusion: The centralization of the processing of the Rapid Molecular Test does not interfere with the time for diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, even with the forwarding of samples between services.

Avaliação do serviço de coleta para exame colpocitológico pela escala SERVQUAL.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze women's perception of the quality of the service provided for colposcopy test in the city of Belém (PA), Brazil. METHOD: Quantitative-descriptive study on 400 women who underwent Pap test on the public healthcare network, using the Service Quality (SERVQUAL) model. We used the Cronbach's alpha index to measure the reliability of the scale, and data were analyzed by quartiles of the gaps of the dimensions: tangibility, responsiveness, reliability, assurance, and empathy. RESULTS: The assurance dimension, corresponding to the knowledge and courtesy of staff, featured the highest degree of importance to users; and empathy, which corresponds to the staff's concern with women's needs, featured the lower degree. The most expressive negative gaps concerned the structure of services and the attitude of healthcare professionals when collecting the material. CONCLUSION: All gaps featured negative relationship between what was expected and perceived, expressing dissatisfaction regarding the service.

Avaliação do serviço de coleta para exame colpocitológico pela escala SERVQUAL / Evaluación del servicio de recolección para examen colpocitológico por la escala SERVQUAL / Avaliação do serviço de coleta para exame colpocitológico pela escala SERVQUAL

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze women's perception of the quality of the service provided for colposcopy test in the city of Belém (PA), Brazil. Method: Quantitative-descriptive study on 400 women who underwent Pap test on the public healthcare network, using the Service Quality (SERVQUAL) model. We used the Cronbach's alpha index to measure the reliability of the scale, and data were analyzed by quartiles of the gaps of the dimensions: tangibility, responsiveness, reliability, assurance, and empathy. Results: The assurance dimension, corresponding to the knowledge and courtesy of staff, featured the highest degree of importance to users; and empathy, which corresponds to the staff's concern with women's needs, featured the lower degree. The most expressive negative gaps concerned the structure of services and the attitude of healthcare professionals when collecting the material. Conclusion: All gaps featured negative relationship between what was expected and perceived, expressing dissatisfaction regarding the service.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la percepción de mujeres acerca de la calidad del servicio de colpocitología oncótica en Belém (PA). Método: Estudio cuantitativo-descriptivo con 400 mujeres que realizaron el examen de colpocitología oncótica en la red pública de salud, utilizando el modelo Service Quality (SERVQUAL). Se utilizó el Alpha de Cronbach para medir la confiabilidad de la escala, y los datos fueron analizados por los cuartiles de los gaps de las dimensiones: tangibilidad, responsividad, confiabilidad, credibilidad y empatía. Resultados: La dimensión credibilidad, correspondiente al conocimiento y a la cortesía de los funcionarios, presentó mayor grado de importancia para las usuarias; y la empatía, que corresponde a la preocupación demostrada por los funcionarios con las necesidades de las mujeres, exhibió menor grado. Los gaps negativos más expresivos se refieren a la estructura de los servicios y a la actitud de los profesionales con ocasión de la recolección del material. Conclusión: Todos los gaps presentaron relación negativa entre lo esperado y lo percibido expresando la insatisfacción con relación al servicio.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a percepção de mulheres acerca da qualidade do serviço de colpocitologia oncótica em Belém (PA). Método: Estudo quantitativo-descritivo com 400 mulheres que realizaram o exame de colpocitologia oncótica na rede pública de saúde, utilizando o modelo Service Quality (SERVQUAL). Utilizou-se o Alpha de Cronbach para medir a confiabilidade da escala, e os dados foram analisados pelos quartis dos gaps das dimensões: tangibilidade, responsividade, confiabilidade, credibilidade e empatia. Resultados: A dimensão credibilidade, correspondente ao conhecimento e cortesia dos funcionários, apresentou maior grau de importância para as usuárias, e a empatia, que corresponde à preocupação demonstrada pelos funcionários com as necessidades das mulheres, exibiu menor grau. Os gaps negativos mais expressivos dizem respeito à estrutura dos serviços e a atitude dos profissionais por ocasião da coleta de material. Conclusão: Todos os gaps apresentaram relação negativa entre o esperado e o percebido expressando a insatisfação em relação ao serviço.

Problemas de saúde mais comuns em mulheres negras / Common health problems in black women

Objetivo: analisar produções científicas nacionais e internacionais sobre os problemas de saúde mais comuns em mulheres negras. Método: trata-se de um estudo bibliográfico, descritivo, tipo revisão integrativa de literatura, com buscas de produções científicas nas bases de dados LILACS e MEDLINE. Selecionaram-se 16 artigos, os dados foram processados no software IRAMUTEQ® e analisados descritivamente pelo modelo de Reinert. Resultados: organizaram-se seis classes: prevenção de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis em mulheres negras; legislação e direitos de saúde da população negra; implantação, pelo poder público, de ações voltadas à promoção de saúde da população negra; o papel das estratégias de saúde da família na promoção da qualidade de vida em mulheres negras; conscientização das doenças mais comuns em mulheres negras e o papel do Estado no combate à violência étnico-racial. Conclusão: identificou-se que os problemas de saúde mais comuns em mulheres negras estão relacionados a causas evitáveis. Avalia-se que, no Brasil, as condições de vida e de saúde das mulheres negras ainda precisam ser estudadas, requerendo o incentivo de novas pesquisas.(AU)

Objective: to analyze national and international scientific productions on the most common health problems in black women. Method: this is a descriptive bibliographic study, integrative literature review, with searches of scientific productions in the LILACS and MEDLINE databases. Sixteen articles were selected, the data were processed using the IRAMUTEQ® software and analyzed descriptively by the Reinert model. Results: six classes were organized: prevention of sexually transmitted diseases in black women; legislation and health rights of the black population; implementation by the government of actions aimed at promoting the health of the black population; the role of family health strategies in promoting quality of life in black women; awareness of the most common diseases among black women and the role of the state in combating ethnic and racial violence. Conclusion: it was found that the most common health problems in black women are related to preventable causes. It is estimated that, in Brazil, the living and health conditions of black women still need to be studied, requiring the encouragement of new research.(AU)

Objetivo: analizar las producciones científicas nacionales e internacionales sobre los problemas de salud más comunes en mujeres negras. Método: estudio bibliográfico descriptivo, revisión bibliográfica integradora, con búsquedas de producciones científicas en las bases de datos LILACS y MEDLINE. Se seleccionaron 16 artículos, los datos se procesaron con el software IRAMUTEQ® y se analizaron descriptivamente mediante el modelo Reinert. Resultados: se organizaron seis clases: prevención de enfermedades de transmisión sexual en mujeres negras; legislación y derechos de salud de la población negra; implementación por parte del gobierno de acciones destinadas a promover la salud de la población negra; el papel de las estrategias de salud familiar en la promoción de la calidad de vida en las mujeres negras; concientización de las enfermedades más comunes entre las mujeres negras y el papel del Estado en la lucha contra la violencia étnica racial. Conclusión: se identificó que los problemas de salud más comunes en las mujeres negras están relacionados con causas prevenibles. Se estima que, en Brasil, las condiciones de vida y salud de las mujeres negras aún deben estudiarse, lo que requiere el estímulo de nuevas investigaciones.(AU)

Exame de colpocitologia oncótica: revisão integrativa / Pap smear exam: integrative review / Examen de colpocitologia oncótica: revisión integradora

Este artigo tem como tema, o exame de colpocitologia oncótica realizado nas Unidades de Saúde. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo é evidenciar o que as publicações científicas nacionais e internacionais revelam sobre a qualidade dos serviços que realizam o exame Papanicolau. Método: Como metodologia, utilizou-se a revisão integrativa da literatura, realizando busca de dados nas bases US National Library of Medicine e da Literatura Latino Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde. Resultados: Totalizou-se 31 estudos para análise, dos quais 64,5% (20 artigos) foram publicados em periódicos nacionais e 34,4% (11) publicados em periódicos estrangeiros. Os estudos foram agrupados em três categorias conforme conteúdo a saber: conhecimento sobre o exame de colpocitologia oncótica; acesso ao serviço de saúde na Atenção Primária e análise laboratorial. Conclusão: Este estudo identificou a importância do teste de Papanicolau para a população feminina, assim como sua relação e importância nas práticas dos profissionais da enfermagem (AU).

This article focuses on the examination of Pap smear done in the health units. Objective: The aim of the study is to show que the national and international scientific publications reveal about the quality of services que perform pap smears. Method: The methodology used the integrative literature review, conducting a search in the data bases US National Library of Medicine and the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences. Results: 31 totaled up studies for analysis, of which 64.5% (20 articles) were published in national journals and 34.4% (11) published in foreign journals. The studies were grouped into three categories According to content, namely: knowledge about the examination of oncotic colpocitology; Access to health service in Primary Care and laboratory analysis. Conclusion: This study identified the importance of the Pap test for the female population (AU).

Este artículo tiene como tema, el examen de colpocitologia oncótica realizado en las Unidades de Salud. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio es evidenciar lo que las publicaciones científicas nacionales e internacionales revelan sobre la calidad de los servicios que realizan el examen Papanicolau. Método: Como metodología, se utilizó la revisión integrativa de la literatura, realizando una búsqueda de datos en las bases US National Library of Medicine y de la Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud. Resultados: Se totalizaron 31 estudios para análisis, de los cuales 64,5 (20 artículos) fueron publicados en periódicos nacionales y el 34,4% (11) publicados en periódicos extranjeros. Los estudios se agruparon en tres categorías según el contenido, a saber: conocimiento sobre el examen de colpocitología oncótica; acceso al servicio de salud en la Atención Primaria y análisis de laboratorio. Conclusión: Este estudio identificó la importancia del test de Papanicolau para la población femenina, así como su relación e importancia en las prácticas de los profesionales de la enfermería (AU).

Rural-to-urban migrations: acculturation experiences among university students in Botswana.

Many students in Botswana migrate from small rural villages and towns to the larger urban centres to attend university, and are subsequently required to adapt or acculturate to their new environments. However, the existing literature and research on acculturation experiences of students who migrate from rural-to-urban centres in Botswana is almost non-existent. The current study was therefore a qualitative exploratory investigation of the experiences of the students who migrate from rural-to-urban centres. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants who contributed to a Talking Circle focus group. Researchers transcribed the interviews and used content analysis to uncover response themes. Findings indicated that the majority of students experienced some culture shock and a number of environmental and specific systemic stressors in their first two years of university life. Theoretical implications for understanding rural-to-urban acculturation and practical implications for university counselling approaches are also discussed.

Managing stress: the influence of gender, age and emotion regulation on coping among university students in Botswana.

This study focused on the influence of gender, age and emotion regulation on coping strategies among university students in Botswana. Sixty-four males and 64 females, ranging in age from 18 to 29 years completed the Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale and the Coping Strategy Inventory. Female students used wishful thinking and problem-focused disengagement more than male students; however, there were no other significant gender differences in coping strategies. Older students were more likely to use problem-solving, cognitive restructuring and express emotion coping strategies. In addition, problems in emotion regulation significantly predicted problem-and emotion-focused engagement, problem- and emotion-focused disengagement and coping strategies. There was a unique finding that non-acceptance of emotional responses, a type of emotion suppression, was positively correlated with problem solving, cognitive restructuring, expressing emotion, social support, problem avoidance and wishful thinking coping strategies. Cultural context and implications for student well-being and university support are discussed.

Policy perspectives and attitudes towards mental health treatment in rural Senegal.

BACKGROUND: Mental health is often given low priority in health policy planning, particularly in developing countries. Several international health bodies, including the World Health Organization, recommend integrating mental health into primary care settings to reduce mortality and morbidity associated with mental illness, particularly in low-resource settings. OBJECTIVE: This study explores health care workers' and policy stakeholders' knowledge and attitudes regarding mental illness, interactions with patients in the community, and perceived training needs at a health clinic in rural southeastern Senegal. Interviews were conducted with eight key informant medical staff members and community health workers. METHODS: Interview data were analyzed and interpreted using a qualitative content analysis based on the grounded theory approach. RESULTS: The findings indicate that staff members encounter many patients with emotional/psychological problems or mental illnesses, and they employ various strategies in treating these patients. Respondents also highlighted the need for more training to address and diagnose mental health problems, especially severe psychiatric illnesses. CONCLUSIONS: Findings are used to discuss recommendations for developing a comprehensive mental health primary care treatment approach that includes screening patients for mental health problems screening, incorporating rural villagers' attitudes and beliefs about mental illness into treatment, and utilizing community health workers-who are often a first health contact for many-to work with the medical staff to identify mental health problems.

Disfunção diastólica e sua importância para o anestesiologista / Diastolic dysfunction and its importance to the anesthesiologist

O objetivo deste artigo é fazer uma revisão das alterações fisiopatológicas da disfunção diastólica (DD), além de indicar as causas que originam esta doença, mostrar a importância de se conhecerem as interações dos agentes anestésicos e as repercussões das alterações hemodinâmicas nos pacientes portadores de DD...

The aim of this paper is to review the pathophysiological changes of diastolic dysfunction (DD), besides pointing out the causes of this disease, showing the importance of knowing the interactions of anesthetics and the effects of hemodynamic changes in patients with DD...